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HAN 200 > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints (Articulations)

A

Articulation:
*site where 2 or more bones meet

Functions of joints:

  • give skeleton mobility
  • hold skeleton together

2 Classifications:

  • Functional
  • structural
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2
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A

Based on
*Amount of movement joint allows

Three functional classifications:
*Synarthroses—immovable joints
Syn= together, arthro= joint

  • Amphiarthroses—slightly movable joints
  • Diarthroses—freely movable joints
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3
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Based on

  • Material binding bones together
  • Presence/absence of joint cavity

Three structural classifications:

  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
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4
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  • No joint cavity
  • Most synarthrotic (immovable)
    * depends on length of connective tissue fibers

Three types:

  • sutures
  • syndesmoses
  • gomphoses
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5
Q

Fibrous Joints- suture

A

Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. found only in the skull

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6
Q

Fibrous Joints- syndesmosis

A

joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. (fibula and tibia)

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints- gomphosis

A

“peg in socket” fibrous joint. periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Bones united by cartilage
  • No joint cavity
  • Not highly movable

Two types:
Synchondroses
*(synarthrosis - immovable)
*bones united by hyaline cartilage

Symphyses

  • (amphiarthrosis –slightly movable)
  • bones united by fibrocartilage
  • symphyses are amphiarthrosis joints (slightly moveable), especially the pubic symphysis during pregnancy
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9
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Bones seperated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  • all are diarthrotic
  • include- all limb joints; most joints of the body
  • have 6 distinguishing features
  • articular cartilage
  • joint (synovial) cavity
  • articular (joint) capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • different types of reinforcing ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels
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10
Q

Synovial joints- Articular cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage

* prevents crushing of bone ends

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11
Q

Synovial joints- joint (synovial) cavity

A

-small, fluid-filled potential space

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12
Q

Synovial joints- articular joint capsule

A
  • 2 layers
  • external fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue

*inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue. makes synovial fluid.

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13
Q

Synovial joints- synovial fluid

A
  • Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  • Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  • Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
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14
Q

Synovial joints- different types of reinforcing ligaments

A

Capsular:
Thickened part of fibrous layer

Extracapsular:
Outside the capsule

Intracapsular:
Deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

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15
Q

Synovial joints- nerves and blood vessels

A
  • nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position (proprioception) and stretch
  • capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
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16
Q

Other features of some synovial joints

A

Fatty pads:
For cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

Articular discs (menisci):
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
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17
Q

Structures associated with synovial joints

A

Bursae:

  • Sacs lined with synovial membrane (Contain synovial fluid)
  • Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Tendon Sheaths:
Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

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18
Q

When someone has “slipped a disc” of the vertebral column, which type of joint is disrupted?

A

Symphysis

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19
Q

3 stabilizing factors at synovial joints

A
  1. shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
  2. ligament number and location (limited role)
  3. Muscle tendons that cross joint (most important)**
    - muscle tone keeps tendons taut (extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot)
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20
Q

structural and functional characteristics of body joints

A

Slide 25 (PPW A)

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21
Q

Synovial joints: movements allowed

A

All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points:
*Origin—attachment to immovable bone

*Insertion—attachment to movable bone

Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin

Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

22
Q

Synovial joints: range of motion

A
  • Nonaxial
  • Uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Multiaxial
23
Q

Nonaxial

A

Slipping movements only

24
Q

Uniaxial

A

movement in one plane

25
Q

Biaxial

A

movement in 2 planes

26
Q

Multiaxial

A

movement in or around all 3 planes

27
Q

3 general types of movements at synovial joints

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Angular movements:
    • flexion, extension, hyperextension
    • abduction, adduction
    • circumduction
  3. Rotation
    • medial and lateral rotation
28
Q

Gliding movements (synovial joint)

A

-One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

Examples:
-Intercarpal joints (wrist bones)

  • Intertarsal joints (ankle bones)
  • Between articular processes of vertebrae
  • flat bone surfaces move side to side
    • no alteration of joint angle
    • limited in range due to articular capsule & ligaments
    • intercarpal & intertarsal joints
29
Q

Angular movements (synovial joints)

A
  • Increase or decrease angle between two bones
  • Movement along sagittal plane:
    • Flexion—decreases the angle of the joint
    • Extension—increases the angle of the joint
    • Hyperextension—excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
  • Movement along frontal plane:
    • Abduction—movement away from the midline
    • Adduction—movement toward the midline

Circumduction:
-Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb

-Limb describes cone in space, circular

30
Q

Rotation (synovial joints)

A

Turning of bone around its own long axis:
*Toward midline or away from it

*Medial and lateral rotation

Examples:
Between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Rotation of humerus and femur

31
Q

Special movements at synovial joints

A
  • Supination and pronation of radius and ulna
  • Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
  • Inversion and eversion of foot
  • Protraction and retraction
  • Elevation and depression of mandible
  • Opposition of thumb of mandible
32
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

synovial joints are divided into 6 sub-categories based on type of movement

  1. Plane
  2. Hinge joints
  3. Pivot joints
  4. condylar (ellipsoid)
  5. Saddle joints
  6. Ball and socket joints
33
Q

Synovial joints:

1. Plane (gliding)

A

nonaxial movement

ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints

34
Q

Synovial joints:

2. Hinge joints

A

Uniaxial
ex: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints

This type of synovial joint is used when you bend your fingertips to hang onto a cliff.

35
Q

Synovial joints:

3. Pivot joints

A

uniaxial
ex: prox radioulnar joint,
atlantoaxial joint

36
Q

Synovial joints:

4. Condylar (ellipsoid) joints

A

biaxial
ex: wrist joints,
metacarpophalangeal joint

37
Q

Synovial joints:

5. Saddle joints

A

biaxial

ex: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

38
Q

Synovial joints:

6. Ball and socket joints:

A

multiaxial

ex: hip joint and shoulder joint

39
Q

Structural Class:

FIBROUS

A

Types:

a) suture
b) syndesmosis
c) gomphosis

examples;

a) skull
b) distal tib-fib
c) tooth

40
Q

Structural Class:

CARTILAGINOUS

A

Types:

a) synchondrosis
b) symphyses

examples:

a) epiphyseal plate
b) pubic symphysis

41
Q

Structural Class:

SYNOVIAL (DIARTHROSES)

A

Types:

a) plane
b) hinge
c) pivot
d) condylar
e) saddle
f) ball and socket

example;
a) intercarpal and intertarsal

b) elbow, interphaalangeal
c) prox radial-ulnar, atlas axis
d) metacarpophalangeal
e) carpometacarpal of thumb
f) shoulder and hip

42
Q

Knee Joint

A

The largest and most complex joint in the body

Modified hinge joint: primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement

Three joints within a single synovial cavity

- tibiofemoral joint (laterally)
- tibiofemoral joint (medially)
- patellofemoral joint

Allows flexion, extension, slight medial and lateral rotation in a flexed position

Look at slides 8 & 9 10 on PPW B

43
Q

Ligaments stabilizing knee joint

A

Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
*Help prevent hyperextension of knee

  • Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
  • Oblique popliteal ligament
  • Arcuate popliteal ligament
44
Q

Ligaments stabilizing knee joint

A

Intracapsular ligaments:
*Prevent anterior-posterior displacement

*Reside outside synovial cavity

*Anterior cruciate ligament
(Attaches to anterior tibia)

*Posterior cruciate ligament
(Attaches to posterior tibia)

45
Q

Knee joint injuries

A
  • Absorbs great vertical force
  • Vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially laterally blows to extended knee*Three C’s:
    Collateral ligaments
    Cruciate ligaments
    Cartilages
46
Q

Pointing your toes downward is described as what type of movement

A

Plantar flexion

pointing upwards- dorsiflexion

47
Q

Shoulder joint

A
  • AKA: glenohumeral joint
  • Shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint
  • Allows: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
  • The most freely movable joint in the body
  • Rotator cuff muscles help stabilize the joint
48
Q

Shoulder joint:

A

Reinforcing ligaments
*Primarily on anterior aspect

*Coracohumeral ligament
-Helps support weight of
upper limb

*Three glenohumeral ligaments
-Weak and sometimes
absent

49
Q

Elbow joint

A
  • hinge joint
  • primarily trochlear notch of ulna with trochlea of humerus
  • allows: flexion and extension of the forearm
50
Q

Hip joint

A
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Allows: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial & lateral rotation of the thigh

Reinforcing ligaments:

  • Iliofemoral ligament
  • Pubofemoral ligament
  • Ischiofemoral ligament

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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