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HAN 200 > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Joints (Articulations)

A

Articulation:
*site where 2 or more bones meet

Functions of joints:

  • give skeleton mobility
  • hold skeleton together

2 Classifications:

  • Functional
  • structural
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2
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A

Based on
*Amount of movement joint allows

Three functional classifications:
*Synarthroses—immovable joints
Syn= together, arthro= joint

  • Amphiarthroses—slightly movable joints
  • Diarthroses—freely movable joints
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3
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Based on

  • Material binding bones together
  • Presence/absence of joint cavity

Three structural classifications:

  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
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4
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  • No joint cavity
  • Most synarthrotic (immovable)
    * depends on length of connective tissue fibers

Three types:

  • sutures
  • syndesmoses
  • gomphoses
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5
Q

Fibrous Joints- suture

A

Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. found only in the skull

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6
Q

Fibrous Joints- syndesmosis

A

joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. (fibula and tibia)

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints- gomphosis

A

“peg in socket” fibrous joint. periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Bones united by cartilage
  • No joint cavity
  • Not highly movable

Two types:
Synchondroses
*(synarthrosis - immovable)
*bones united by hyaline cartilage

Symphyses

  • (amphiarthrosis –slightly movable)
  • bones united by fibrocartilage
  • symphyses are amphiarthrosis joints (slightly moveable), especially the pubic symphysis during pregnancy
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9
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Bones seperated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  • all are diarthrotic
  • include- all limb joints; most joints of the body
  • have 6 distinguishing features
  • articular cartilage
  • joint (synovial) cavity
  • articular (joint) capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • different types of reinforcing ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels
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10
Q

Synovial joints- Articular cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage

* prevents crushing of bone ends

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11
Q

Synovial joints- joint (synovial) cavity

A

-small, fluid-filled potential space

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12
Q

Synovial joints- articular joint capsule

A
  • 2 layers
  • external fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue

*inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue. makes synovial fluid.

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13
Q

Synovial joints- synovial fluid

A
  • Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  • Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  • Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
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14
Q

Synovial joints- different types of reinforcing ligaments

A

Capsular:
Thickened part of fibrous layer

Extracapsular:
Outside the capsule

Intracapsular:
Deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

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15
Q

Synovial joints- nerves and blood vessels

A
  • nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position (proprioception) and stretch
  • capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
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16
Q

Other features of some synovial joints

A

Fatty pads:
For cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

Articular discs (menisci):
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
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17
Q

Structures associated with synovial joints

A

Bursae:

  • Sacs lined with synovial membrane (Contain synovial fluid)
  • Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Tendon Sheaths:
Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

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18
Q

When someone has “slipped a disc” of the vertebral column, which type of joint is disrupted?

A

Symphysis

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19
Q

3 stabilizing factors at synovial joints

A
  1. shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
  2. ligament number and location (limited role)
  3. Muscle tendons that cross joint (most important)**
    - muscle tone keeps tendons taut (extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot)
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20
Q

structural and functional characteristics of body joints

A

Slide 25 (PPW A)

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21
Q

Synovial joints: movements allowed

Study These Flashcards
A

All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points:
*Origin—attachment to immovable bone

*Insertion—attachment to movable bone

Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin

Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

22
Q

Synovial joints: range of motion

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Nonaxial
  • Uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Multiaxial
23
Q

Nonaxial

Study These Flashcards
A

Slipping movements only

24
Q

Uniaxial

Study These Flashcards
A

movement in one plane

25
Biaxial
movement in 2 planes
26
Multiaxial
movement in or around all 3 planes
27
3 general types of movements at synovial joints
1. Gliding 2. Angular movements: * flexion, extension, hyperextension * abduction, adduction * circumduction 3. Rotation * medial and lateral rotation
28
Gliding movements (synovial joint)
-One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Examples: -Intercarpal joints (wrist bones) - Intertarsal joints (ankle bones) - Between articular processes of vertebrae - flat bone surfaces move side to side - no alteration of joint angle - limited in range due to articular capsule & ligaments - intercarpal & intertarsal joints
29
Angular movements (synovial joints)
- Increase or decrease angle between two bones - Movement along sagittal plane: * Flexion—decreases the angle of the joint * Extension—increases the angle of the joint * Hyperextension—excessive extension beyond normal range of motion - Movement along frontal plane: * Abduction—movement away from the midline * Adduction—movement toward the midline Circumduction: -Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb -Limb describes cone in space, circular
30
Rotation (synovial joints)
Turning of bone around its own long axis: *Toward midline or away from it *Medial and lateral rotation Examples: Between C1 and C2 vertebrae Rotation of humerus and femur
31
Special movements at synovial joints
- Supination and pronation of radius and ulna - Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot - Inversion and eversion of foot - Protraction and retraction - Elevation and depression of mandible - Opposition of thumb of mandible
32
Types of synovial joints
synovial joints are divided into 6 sub-categories based on type of movement 1. Plane 2. Hinge joints 3. Pivot joints 4. condylar (ellipsoid) 5. Saddle joints 6. Ball and socket joints
33
Synovial joints: | 1. Plane (gliding)
nonaxial movement | ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
34
Synovial joints: | 2. Hinge joints
Uniaxial ex: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints This type of synovial joint is used when you bend your fingertips to hang onto a cliff.
35
Synovial joints: | 3. Pivot joints
uniaxial ex: prox radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
36
Synovial joints: | 4. Condylar (ellipsoid) joints
biaxial ex: wrist joints, metacarpophalangeal joint
37
Synovial joints: | 5. Saddle joints
biaxial | ex: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
38
Synovial joints: | 6. Ball and socket joints:
multiaxial | ex: hip joint and shoulder joint
39
Structural Class: | FIBROUS
Types: a) suture b) syndesmosis c) gomphosis examples; a) skull b) distal tib-fib c) tooth
40
Structural Class: | CARTILAGINOUS
Types: a) synchondrosis b) symphyses examples: a) epiphyseal plate b) pubic symphysis
41
Structural Class: | SYNOVIAL (DIARTHROSES)
Types: a) plane b) hinge c) pivot d) condylar e) saddle f) ball and socket example; a) intercarpal and intertarsal b) elbow, interphaalangeal c) prox radial-ulnar, atlas axis d) metacarpophalangeal e) carpometacarpal of thumb f) shoulder and hip
42
Knee Joint
The largest and most complex joint in the body Modified hinge joint: primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement Three joints within a single synovial cavity - tibiofemoral joint (laterally) - tibiofemoral joint (medially) - patellofemoral joint Allows flexion, extension, slight medial and lateral rotation in a flexed position Look at slides 8 & 9 10 on PPW B
43
Ligaments stabilizing knee joint
Capsular and extracapsular ligaments *Help prevent hyperextension of knee * Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments * Oblique popliteal ligament * Arcuate popliteal ligament
44
Ligaments stabilizing knee joint
Intracapsular ligaments: *Prevent anterior-posterior displacement *Reside outside synovial cavity *Anterior cruciate ligament (Attaches to anterior tibia) *Posterior cruciate ligament (Attaches to posterior tibia)
45
Knee joint injuries
- Absorbs great vertical force - Vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially laterally blows to extended knee *Three C's: Collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Cartilages
46
Pointing your toes downward is described as what type of movement
Plantar flexion | pointing upwards- dorsiflexion
47
Shoulder joint
- AKA: glenohumeral joint - Shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint - Allows: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction - The most freely movable joint in the body - Rotator cuff muscles help stabilize the joint
48
Shoulder joint:
Reinforcing ligaments *Primarily on anterior aspect *Coracohumeral ligament -Helps support weight of upper limb *Three glenohumeral ligaments -Weak and sometimes absent
49
Elbow joint
- hinge joint - primarily trochlear notch of ulna with trochlea of humerus - allows: flexion and extension of the forearm
50
Hip joint
- Ball and socket joint - Allows: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial & lateral rotation of the thigh Reinforcing ligaments: - Iliofemoral ligament - Pubofemoral ligament - Ischiofemoral ligament

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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