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HAN 200 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Cartilages

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilages
  2. Elastic Cartilages
  3. Fibrocartilages
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2
Q

Skeletal Cartilages: Hyaline cartilages

A
  • Provide support, flexibility, and resilience

- Most abundant type

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3
Q

Skeletal Cartilages: Elastic cartilages

A

-Similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers

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4
Q

Skeletal Cartilages: Fibrocartilages

A

-Collagen fibers- have great tensile strength

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5
Q

costal cartilage

A

in ribs

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6
Q

pubic symphysis meniscus

A

padlike cartilage in knee joint

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7
Q

Growth of cartilage

A
  • Appositional ( grows from outside-width)
    • Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
  • Interstitial (grows from inside-length)
    • Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
  • Calcification of cartilage occurs during:
    • normal bone growth
    • old age
    • CALCIFIED CARTILAGE IS NOT BONE
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8
Q

Classification of bones by shape

A

Long bones:
Longer than they are wide

Short bones:

  • Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
  • Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)

Flat bones
*Thin, flat, slightly curved (skull, scapula, sternum)

Irregular bones
*Complicated shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)

Slide 6 in bones PPW

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9
Q

Functions of bones

A

Support-
for the body and soft organs

Protection-
for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Movement-
Levers for muscle action

Storage-
Minerals (calcium & phosphorus) and growth factors

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)-
in marrow cavities

Triglyceride (energy) storage- in bone cavities

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10
Q

Bone markings

A

Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as:

  • sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Joint surfaces
  • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
  • helps you understand many bones
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11
Q
  • Surface features of the skull
  • surface features of the humerus
  • surface features of the femur
  • surface features of the pelvis
A

PPW Chapter 6 slide 9

slide 10

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12
Q

Bone markings: projections

A
  • Sites of muscle and ligament attachment
  • Tuberosity—rounded projection
  • Crest—narrow, prominent ridge
  • Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface
  • Line—narrow ridge of bone
  • Tubercle—small rounded projection
  • Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle
  • Spine—sharp, slender projection
  • Process—any bony prominence
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13
Q

Bone markings: projections

A

-Projections that help to form joints

Head:
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet:
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle:
Rounded articular projection

Ramus:
Armlike bar

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14
Q

Bone markings: Depressions & openings

A

Meatus:
*Canal-like passageway

Sinus:
*Cavity within a bone

Fossa:
*Shallow, basinlike depression

Groove (bicipital):
*Furrow

Fissure:
*Narrow, slitlike opening

Foramen:
*Round or oval opening through a bone

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15
Q

Bone Textures

A 
Compact bone (10 years)
*Dense outer layer

Spongy (cancellous) bone (3-4 years)

  • Honeycomb of trabeculae
  • More porous like a sponge
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16
Q

The structure of a long bone

A

Long bones transmit forces easily and have a rich blood supply. Nutrient artery and vein through nutrient foramen. Periosteum: extensive network of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & sensory nerves.

slide 15

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17
Q

Membranes of bone

A 
Periosteum :
-outer fibrous layer
-inner osteogenic layer
   *Osteoblasts (bone- 
    forming cells)
*Osteoclasts (bone- 
 destroying cells)

 *Osteogenic cells (stem 
  cells)
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18
Q

Membranes of bone

A

Endosteum:
-delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone

-also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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19
Q

Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A
  • Periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside
  • Endosteum-covered spongy bone within
  • Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones
  • Bone marrow between the trabeculae
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20
Q

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)

A
  • Red marrow cavities of adults
  • Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
  • Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones
21
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

A

Cells of bones:

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells-
*Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

Osteoblasts-
*Bone-forming cells, secrete bone matrix

Osteocytes-
*Mature bone cells, monitor/maintain matrix

Osteoclasts-
*Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

22
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone

A 
Haversian system, or osteon—structural unit:
       Lamellae – 
           *concentric rings
            * Weight-bearing
             *Column-like matrix 
               tubes

Central (Haversian) canal-
*Contains blood
vessels and nerves

-Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals:
*At right angles to the
central canal
*Connects blood
vessels and nerves of
the periosteum and
central canal

-Lacunae:
*small cavities that contain
osteocytes

-Canaliculi:
*hairlike canals that
connect lacunae to each
other and the central
canal

23
Q

Compact bone anatomy

A

-Canaliculi:
*hairlike canals that
connect lacunae to each
other and the central
canal

24
Q

Compact bone anatomy

A

Lacunae:
*small cavities that contain
osteocytes

25
Q

Compact bone anatomy

A

-Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals:
*At right angles to the
central canal
*Connects blood
vessels and nerves of
the periosteum and
central canal

26
Q

Spongy bone

A

Trabeculae:
-align along lines of stress

  • no osteons
  • contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
  • capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
27
Q

In bone, collagen is found in the

A

lamellae

28
Q

Adjacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within

A

canaliculi

29
Q

Chemical composition of bone: organic

A

-Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Osteoid—organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

Collagen fibers:
Provide tensile strength and flexibility

30
Q

Chemical composition of bone: inorganic

A

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts):
*65% of bone by mass

  *Mainly calcium 
  phosphate crystals

  *Responsible for 
   hardness and resistance 
   to compression
31
Q

Bone development: osteogenesis

A

-Osteogenesis (ossification): bone tissue formation

Stages:
1. Initial formation in embryo and fetus

  1. Growth from infancy through adolescence
  2. Remodeling of bone throughout life
  3. Repair of fractures
32
Q

2 types of ossification

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification:
    * membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane

*forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones

  1. Endochondral ossification
    * Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage*forms most of the rest of the skeleton
33
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. development of the ossification center.
    * Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center that produces the first trabeculae of spongy bone.
  2. bone matrix (osteoid) secreted & calcified
    * Osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcified. Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which calcified in a few days. trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
  3. Trabeculae of woven bone and periosteum form
  4. Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears
34
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Uses hyaline cartilage models
  • Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
  • Forms all bones below skull except for clavicles
35
Q

At week 9 (babies)

A
  1. bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model
  2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
  4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5
  5. the epiphyses ossify. when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.
36
Q

Post natal bone growth

A
  1. Interstitial growth:
    * increased length of long bones
  2. Appositional growth:
    * increased thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces

*Bone matrix secreted under periosteum

37
Q

Organization of cartilage within epiphyseal plate of growing long bones

A

-resting zone- small, inactive cartilage cells

  1. Proliferation zone:
    Chondroblasts quickly divide and push the epiphysis away from the diaphysis, lengthening the bone
  2. Hypertrophic zone:
    older chondrocytes enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify
  3. Calcification zone:
    matrix becomes calcified; chondrocytes die. leaving behind trabeculae-shaped calcified cartilage. THIS IS NOT YET BONE
  4. Ossification zone:
    osteoclasts digest the calcified cartilage, and osteoblasts replace it with actual bone tissue in the shape of the calcified cartilage-resulting in bone trabeculae
38
Q

Spongy bone is made up of small, flat pieces of bone called

A

trabeculae

39
Q

Which structure plays an important role in widening long bones?

A

periosteum

40
Q

depressions on bone include

A

fossae

41
Q

A group of concentric rings of bone matrix, comprising the functional unit of long bones, is called a(n)

A

osteon (the chief structural unit of compact (cortical) bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal)

42
Q

Hormonal regulation of bone growth

A
  • Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity (from pituitary gland)
  • Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone

-Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty)
*Promote adolescent
growth spurts

*End growth by inducing
epiphyseal plate closure
(18 y/o females; 21 y/o for
males)

43
Q

Hormonal control of blood Ca 2+

A

Primarily controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH):

decrease in Blood Ca2+ levels -> Parathyroid glands release PTH-> PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ -> increase in Blood Ca2+ levels

slide 47

44
Q

Control of remodeling

A

What controls continual remodeling of bone?

  1. Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood
  2. Mechanical and gravitational forces
    * Wolff’s Law
45
Q

response to mechanical stress

A
  • Wolff’s law: A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it
  • Observations supporting Wolff’s law:
    • Handedness (right or left handed) results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger
    • Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle
    • Trabeculae form along lines of stress
    • Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach
    • Increased stress or decreased stress ie astronauts
46
Q

Fracture Classification

A
  • Displaced or nondisplaced
  • Open or closed
  • Comminuted – bone fragments
  • Spiral - excessive twisting force
  • Compression – common in osteoporosis
  • Depressed
  • Greenstick
47
Q

Stages in the healing of a bone fracture

A
  1. Hematoma (mass of clotted blood) forms
    *Site becomes swollen,
    painful, and inflamed
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus
    • Fibroblasts secrete collagen to connect bone ends
    *Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone in 1 week
  3. Bony callus formation
    • Firm union in 8 weeks
  4. Bone remodeling
    • In response to mechanical stresses
48
Q

Homeostatic imbalances

A
  • Osteoporosis (osteopenia):
    • Loss of bone mass—bone resorption outpaces deposit
    • Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture

Risk factors:
*Lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus

*At risk: petite white post menopausal female who is a nonexercising smoker

49
Q

Osteoporosis: treatment and prevention

A

Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements

New research:
* Increase Weight-bearing exercise throughout life

  • Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
  • Some drugs (Fosamax, SERMs, statins) increase bone mineral density

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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