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HAN 200 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- PROTECTION

A

-3 types of barriers
Chemical:
*Low pH secretions (acid mantle) and defensins retard bacterial activity

Physical/mechanical barriers:

  • Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
  • Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances, plant resins (e.g., poison ivy), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, some drugs

Biological barriers
*Dendritic cells, macrophages

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2
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

A

~500 ml/day of routine perspiration (at normal body temperature)

At elevated temperature, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity cool the body

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3
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS

A

-Temp, touch (merkel, meissner cells), and pain (free nerve endings)

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4
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- METABOLIC FUNCTIONS

A

-Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and collagenase (increases collagen and reduces wrinkles)

Chemical conversion of carcinogens and some hormones

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5
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- BLOOD RESERVOIR

A

Up to 5% of body’s blood volume

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6
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- EXCRETION

A

Nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat

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7
Q

Consists of 3 major regions

A
  1. Epidermis: superficial region
  2. Dermis: middle region
  3. Hypodermis: deepst region
    * Subcutaneous layer deep to skin-mostly adipose tissue
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8
Q

The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium

A

true

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9
Q

Dermis

A

*Papillary layer of areolar tissue

then
*Reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue

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10
Q

Hypodermis

A

(subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) seperates the integument from the fascia around deeper organs. This tissue layer is not a part of the integument

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11
Q

The network of arteries and veins connected to smaller vessels servicing the tissues of the integumentary system is the cutaneous plexus

A

true

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12
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Avascular

Cells of epidermis:
*Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin

*Melanocytes
10–25% of cells in lower
epidermis

Produce pigment melanin
  • Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages that help activate immune system
  • Tactile (Merkel) cells-touch receptors

NOTE: melanin protects nucleus of the cells from UV rays

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13
Q

Layers of the epidermis:

1. Stratum Basale (Basal layer)

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
  • Single row of stem cells; source of new cells
  • Also called stratum germinativum: cells undergo rapid division
  • Journey from the basal layer to surface
    • Takes 25–45 days
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14
Q

Layers of the epidermis: 2. Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

A

Cells are covered with thorn-like spines: provides strength and flexibility

abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells

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15
Q

Layers of the epidermis: Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

A
  • Thin, “grainy layer”
  • 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocyte
  • intermediate filaments located here
  • Lamellated granules: secretion which acts as water repellant sealant
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16
Q

Layers of the epidermis: 3. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

A
  • In thick skin – palms & soles of feet
  • Thin, transparent
  • Almost no organelles
  • A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
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17
Q

Layers of the epidermis: 4. Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

A
  • 20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs
  • Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness
  • Cells are continuously shed

Functions:

  • Protects from abrasion and penetration
  • Waterproofs
  • Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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18
Q

Clinical correlation: Psoriasis

A
  • Abnormal Keratin

- Cells divide at a faster rate, faster than you can shed them

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19
Q

Dermis

A
  • Strong, flexible connective tissue
  • Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
  • Two layers:
  • Papillary (loose areolar CT)
  • Reticular (dense irregular CT)
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20
Q

Layers of the Dermis: Papillary layer

A
  • Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
  • Dermal Papillary: form friction ridges
  • Dermal papillae contain:
    • capillary loops
    • Meissner’s corpuscles- tactile receptors (response to light touch)
    • Free nerve endings-pain receptors

This layer of the skin is responsible for our fingerprints

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21
Q

Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer

A

~80% of the thickness of dermis

  • Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
  • Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
  • Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  • Deep sensory receptors
    • Pacinian corpuscle – deep pressure
22
Q

Overview of sensory receptors

A

Levels starting from outer surface of skin:

  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
  • Pacinian corpuscle: senses pressure
  • Nociceptor: senses pain
  • Meissner’s corpuscle: senses touch
  • thermo-receptor: senses heat or cold
23
Q

Skin markings: friction ridges

A

Epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingerprints

24
Q

Skin markings: Cleavage lines

A
  • Collagen fibers arranged in bundles form cleavage (tension) lines
  • Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily
25
Q

Skin color: Melanin

A
  • Yellow to reddish-brown to black, repsonsible for dark skin colors
  • produced in melanocytes migrates to keratinocytes where it forms “pigment shields” for nuclei
  • Freckles and pigmented moles
    • local accumulations of melanin
26
Q

Skin color: Carotene

A

-Yellow to orange, most obvious in the palms and soles

27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Responsible for the pinkish hue of skin

28
Q

Excessive exposure to sunlight

A
  • eventually damages skin
  • elastic fibers clump=leathery skin
  • alters DNA of skin cells and can lead to skin cancer

***Melanoma: worst that skin cancer

29
Q

Which layer of the skin has no blood vessels (avascular)?

A

epidermis

30
Q

Derivatives of the epidermis

A
  • Sweat glands (merocrine and apocrine)
  • Oil glands (sebaceous glands)
  • Hairs and hair follicles
  • Nails
31
Q

Sweat glands (sudoriferous): Eccrine

A

2 main types of sweat glands

  1. Eccrine (merocrine)- —abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
    * Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
    * Ducts connect to pores
    * Function in thermoregulation
    * Emotional sweating “cold sweat”
32
Q

Sweat glands (sudoriferous): Apocrine

A

—confined to axillary and anogenital areas

  • Sebum: sweat + fatty substances and proteins
  • Ducts connect to hair follicles
  • Functional from puberty onward, body odor
  • Specialized apocrine glands:
    • Ceruminous glands—in the external ear canal; secrete cerumen

*Mammary glands

33
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A
  • Widely distributed
  • Most develop from hair follicles
  • Become active at puberty (hormones)
  • Sebum
    • Oily holocrine secretion
    • Bactericidal
    • Softens hair and skin

If sebum blocks duct – white head

acne

34
Q

Hair

A

Functions:
-Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin

-Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

Distribution:
-Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia

  • Eye lashes shield eyes
  • Nose hairs filters large particles
35
Q

Anatomy of hair

A
  • Columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells
  • Shaft: projects above surface of the skin
  • Root: penetrates into dermis or subcutaneous layer
  • Three concentric layers:
    • medulla: inner, lacking in thinner hair
    • cortex: middle, major part of shaft
    • cuticle: outermost, heavily keratinized
36
Q

Hair follicle : Epithelial root sheath:

A
  • external root sheath: continuation of epidermis

- internal root sheath: produced by matrix

37
Q

Hair follicle: Dermal root sheath

A

-dense dermis surrounding hair follicle

38
Q

Hair follicle: Bulb

A

base of hair follicle, houses papilla of hair

 - papilla: areolar connective tissue & blood supply
39
Q

Hair follicle: Arrector pili

A

-smooth muscle, attaches to dermal root sheath

40
Q

Types of Hair

A
  • Vellus—pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

* Terminal—coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck of males - testosterone)

41
Q

Hair growth

A
  • Growth cycle: growth, regression & rest stages
  • Active stage: cells of hair matrix divide, existing cells pushed upward, hair grows. 2-5 years
  • Regression stage: cells of matrix stop dividing, follicle atrophies, hair stops growing. 2-3 weeks
  • Resting stage: final stage before old hair falls out and new hair begins to grow. 3 months
42
Q

Structure of nail

A

-Made from hard keratin

  • Nail body: visible portion of nail
    • free edge: part extending past end of digit
  • Nail root: portion buried in a fold of skin
    • lunula: whitish, thickened crescent shaped area

-Hyponychium: nail bed, secures nail to fingertip

  • Eponychium: cuticle, narrow band of epidermis adheres to nail wall
  • Corresponds to hooves/claws of animals
43
Q

Skin cancer

A

-Most skin tumors are benign (do not metastasize)

  • Risk factors:
  • Overexposure to UV radiation
  • frequent irritation of the skin
  • 1 in 5 americans develop skin cancer
44
Q

Skin cancer

A

Three major types:
*Basal cell carcinoma :
Least malignant, most common. Stratum Basale.

*Squamous cell carcinoma:
Second most common. Stratum Spinosum.

*Melanoma
Most dangerous. Melanocytes.

Greatest risk factor for skin cancer is overexposure to the UV raditaion in sunlight which damages DNA bases

45
Q

Melanoma

A

Characteristics (ABCD rule)
A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match

B: Border exhibits indentations

C: Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue

D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser

46
Q

Burns

A

1st degree: epidermis

  • redness, swelling & pain
  • sunburn

2nd degree: upper dermis
- blisters

3rd degree: full thickness

  • gray/white or blackened
  • nerve endings destroyed
  • graft may be necessary

Immediate threat:
*Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

*infection

47
Q

Rule of nines

A
  • Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns

- 11 areas of body each account for 9% of body area

48
Q

Partial thickness burns

A 
First degree: 
   *Epidermal damage only
           *Localized redness, 
             edema (swelling), 
               and pain

Second degree:

  • Epidermal and upper dermal damage
    • Blisters appear
49
Q

Full-thickness burns

A 
Third degree: 
  -Entire thickness of skin 
    damaged
       *Gray-white, cherry red, 
         or black
   *No initial edema or pain

     *Skin grafting usually 
       necessary
50
Q

Steps in tissue repair 1

A
  1. Inflammation:
    * Release of inflammatory chemicals
    * Dilation of blood vessels
    * Increase in vessel permeability
    * Clotting occurs
51
Q

Steps in tissue repair 2

A

Organization and restored blood supply:

  • The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply
  • Epithelium begins to regenerate
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap

Debris is phagocytized

52
Q

Steps in tissue repair 3

A

Regeneration and fibrosis:
*The scab detaches

  • Fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
  • Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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