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HAN 200 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

All neural structures outside the brain

  • sensory receptors
  • peripheral nerves and associated ganglia
  • motor nerves
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2
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • specialized to respond to changes in their environment (stimuli)
  • activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses
  • sensation (awareness of stimulus) and perception (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain
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3
Q

classification of receptors

A

Based on:
A) stimulus type (name indicates the type of stimulus: thermoreceptors)

B) Location (respond to either internal or external stimuli)

C)Structural complexity

  • general senses-simple
  • special senses- complex (vision, hearing, taste, smell)
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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

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5
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

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6
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

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7
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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8
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

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9
Q

classification of receptors by location

A
  1. exteroceptors
  2. interoceptors-viscero
  3. proprioceptors
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10
Q

from sensation to perception

A

-survival depends upon sensation and perception

  • sensation: the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment
  • input comes from sensory receptors
  • perception: the conscious interpretation of that stimuli
  • this occurs in the brain
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11
Q

sensory integration

A
  1. receptor level- the sensor receptors. sensory reception and transmission to the CNS
  2. circuit level- ascending pathways (spinal cord and brain stem)
  3. perceptual level- neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex. processing in cortical sensory centers
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12
Q

adaptation of sensory receptors

A

Adaptation: a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus (bright light)

Phasic (fast-adapting) receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus, signals a change
Examples: receptors for pressure, touch, and smell (clothing)

Tonic receptors adapt slowly or not at all
Examples: nociceptors and most proprioceptor

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13
Q

structure of a nerve

A
  • cordlike organ of the PNS

- Bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

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14
Q

endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

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15
Q

perineurium

A

coarse CT that bundles fibers into fascicles

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16
Q

epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

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17
Q

classification of nerve

A

most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers:

  • somatic afferent and somatic efferent
  • visceral afferent and visceral efferent

->peripheral nerves are classified as cranial or spinal nerves

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18
Q

ganglia-collections of cell bodies in PNS

A
  • dorsal root ganglia (sensory, somatic)

- autonomic ganglia (motor, visceral)

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19
Q

regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers

A
  • mature neurons are amitotic
  • if the soma(cell body) of a damaged nerve is intact, axon will regenerate
  • CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins that prevent CNS fiber regeneration
20
Q

what statement is correct about language and the brain

A

broca’s area is related to language expression and is located in the left inferior frontal gyrus

21
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of peripheral nerves associated with the brain

- most are mixed in function; 2 pairs are purely sensory (I and II)

22
Q

cranial nerve I and II

A
  • CN I olfactory nerve: smell (just sensory)

- CN II optic nerve: vision (just sensory)

23
Q

eye movements (CN 3,4,6)

A
  • just motor
  • cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve
  • cranial nerve IV: trochlear nerve
  • cranial nerve VI- abducens nerve (abducts eye)
24
Q

cranial nerve 5, 7, and 8

A

Cranial nerve V (5) - trigeminal nerve

  • > sensation of face
  • > motor of mastication

cranial nerve VII- facial nerve:

  • > motor of face- facial expression
  • > sensory taste

cranial nerve VIII- vestibulocohlear nerve
->hearing and balance

25
Q

cranial nerve 9 and 10

A

cranial nerve IX (9)- glossopharyngeal nerve
-> “tongue and throat”- taste and swallowing

cranial nerve X- vagus nerve

  • > “the wanderer”
  • > only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck
  • > involved in parasympathetic nervous system
  • > help regulate the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
26
Q

cranial nerve 11 and 12

A

just motor

  • cranial nerve XI-accessory nerve
  • > moves head and neck (trapezius and SCM muscle)
  • cranial nerve XII- hypoglossal nerve
  • > “under tongue”-moves tongue
27
Q

spinal nerves

A

-31 pairs of mixed nerves named according to their point of issue from the spinal cord

  • > 8 cervical (C1-C8)
  • > 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
  • > 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
  • > 5 sacral (S1-S5)
  • > 1 coccygeal (C0)
28
Q

spinal nerves: roots

A

-each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via 2 roots

ventral roots:

  • > contain motor (efferent) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons
  • > fibers innervate skeletal muscles
29
Q

spinal nerve: roots

A

Dorsal roots:

  • contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia
  • conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

-dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves

30
Q

spinal nerves: rami

A

-each spinal nerve branches into mixed rami

  • > dorsal ramus
  • > larger ventral ramus
  • > rami communicantes (autonomic pathways) join to the ventral rami in the thoracic region
  • roots- lie medial to spinal nerve-either motor or sensory
  • rami- lie lateral to spinal nerve- mixed
31
Q

spinal nerves: rami

A
  • all ventral rami except T2-T12 form nerve networks called PLEXUSES (cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral)
  • the back is innervated by dorsal rami via several branches
32
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • formed by ventral rami of C1-C5

- innervates skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders

33
Q

phrenic nerve

A
  • major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm (receives fibers from C3-C5)
  • irritation of phrenic nerve causes hiccups
34
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • formed by ventral rami of C5-C8
  • gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb
  • major nerves from the branches: axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial
35
Q

brachial plexus injury

A

-Erb’s palsy: stretching of upper trunk of brachial plexus

Klumpke’s paralysis: injury to lower roots of plexus (claw hand)

36
Q

lumbar plexus

A
  • arises from L1-L4
  • innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle
  • femoral nerve
  • obturator nerve
37
Q

femoral nerve

A

innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg

38
Q

obturator nerve

A

innervate adductor muscles (groin muscles)

39
Q

sacral plexus

A
  • arises from L4-S4
  • serves the butt, lower limg, pelvic structures, and perineum

sciatic nerve

40
Q

sciatic nerve

A

(part of sacral plexus)

  • longest and thickest nerve of body
  • innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot
  • composed of 2 nerves: tibial and common fibular
41
Q

reflexes

A
  • inborn (intrinsic) reflex: a rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus
    ex: splashing hot water from pot on your arm
  • learned (acquired) reflexes: result from practice or repetition
    ex: driving skills

pathway:

  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
42
Q

reflex arc

A

components of a reflex arc (neural path):

  1. RECEPTOR: site of stimulus action
  2. SENSORY NEURON: transmits afferent impulses to the CNS
  3. INTEGRATION CENTER: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS
  4. MOTOR NEURON: conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ
  5. EFFECTOR: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
43
Q

spinal reflexes

A
  • Spinal somatic reflexes
  • > integration center is in the spinal cord
  • > effectors are skeletal muscle

include: stretch, flexor, and crossed-extensor

44
Q

stretch reflexes

A

How a stretch reflex works:
-> stretch activates the muscle spindle (receptor)

  • > sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord
  • > alpha motor neurons cause the stretched muscle to contract
  • all stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral- ( the reflex occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus.)
    ex: the patellar (knee jerk) reflex
45
Q

flexor and crossed-extensor reflexes

A

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex:

  • > initiated by a painful stimulus
  • > causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part
  • > ipsilateral and polysynaptic

however, descending signals from brain can override flexor reflexes (ie. pin prick)

46
Q

flexor and crossed-extensor reflexes

A

Crossed extensor reflex:
-> occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance

  • > consists of an ipsilateral flexor reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex
  • the stimulated side is withdrawn (flexed)
  • the contralateral side is extended
47
Q

superficial reflexes (cutaneous)

A 
Plantar reflex (babinski reflex)
->stimulus: stroking lateral aspect of the sole of the foot

*normal response: downward flexion of the toes

tests for function of corticospinal tracts

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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