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HAN 200 > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Internal communication
  • “controls”
  • Include brain, spinal cord, nerves
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3
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • -Contracts to cause movement
  • “moves”
  • Include muscles attached to bones (skeletal), muscles of heart (cardiac), muscles of walls of hollowed organs (smooth)
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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

-Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters,
-“covers”
-Include lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands (e.g pancreas), skin surface (epidermis)
Functions:
-protection
-absorption
-filtration
-excretion
-secretion
-sensory reception

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports protects, binds, other tissues together

  • “supports”
  • Include bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue
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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
  • 2 forms occur in the body
  • covering and lining epithelium
  • glandular epithelium

-high regenerative capacity

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7
Q

covering and lining epithelium

A

forms the outer layer of the skin

  • dips into and lines the open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, and respiratory systems
  • covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity
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8
Q

glandular epithelium

A

-fashions the glands of the body

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9
Q

Epithelium- Apical surface

A

Is not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ

  • borders open space
  • have microvilli, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane (increase the exposed surface area)
  • “surface”
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10
Q

Epithelium- Basal surface

A

Attached to the underlying connective tissue
-Thin, supporting sheet basal lamina. This noncellular adhesive sheet consists of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers. acts as a selective filter that determines what can enter the epithelium. Also acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound

“inside”

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11
Q

Epithelium- Specialized contacts

A

except for glandular epithelia, epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
-the sides of adjacent cells are tied together by tight junctions and desmosomes.

  • tight junctions prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells.
  • desmosomes keep cells from pulling apart
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12
Q

All epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by connective tissue

A

true

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13
Q

Epithelium- Basement membrane

A

In between epithelial and connective tissue is basement membrane.

  • reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
  • consists of 2 layers:
  • basal lamina
  • reticular lamina

-reticular lamina is deep to the basal lamina. consists of collagen protein fibers that “belongs to” the underlying connective tissue

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14
Q

epithelium is avascular (contains no blood vessels) but instead it is innervated (supplied by nerve fibers)

A

true

The epithelium is nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue

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15
Q

Simple epithelia

A

consists of a single cell layer. typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur

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16
Q

stratified epithelia

A

composed of 2 or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
-common in high abrasion areas where protection is important such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth

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17
Q

Squamous cells

A

flattened and scale-like

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18
Q

cuboidal cells

A

box-like, approx as tall as they are wide

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19
Q

columnar cells

A

are tall and column shaped

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20
Q

Epithelium- the shape of the nucleus conforms to that of the cell

A

true. example, squamous cell nucleus-flattened disc

colmnar cell nucleus-elongated

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21
Q

Simple squamous epithelia- endothelium

A
  • “inner covering”
  • provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
  • capillaries consist exclusively of endothelium
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22
Q

Simple squamous epithelia- mesothelium

A
  • “middle covering”

- epithelium found in serous membranes , the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

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23
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
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24
Q

glandular epithelia

A
  • secretion is an active process
  • glands are classified according to 2 sets of traits
  • where they release their product-glands may be endocrine “internally secreting” or exocrine “externally secreting”

*number of cells-glands may be unicellular or multicellular

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25
Q

multicellular epithelial glands form by invagination (inward growth) of an epithelial sheet

A

true

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26
Q

exocrine glands (epithelium) retain the connecting cells, which form a duct that transports secretions to the epithelial surface

A

true

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27
Q

endocrine glands lose their ducts during development (epithelium) they secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid. these hormones then enter the blood

A

true

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28
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Description: Single layer of flattened cells

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration

Location: Air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, kidney glomeruli

29
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Description: single layer of cubelike cells

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: kidney tubules, ducts of small glands

30
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Description: single layer of tall cells, some with cilia, may contain goblet cells

Function: absorption; secretion of mucus, ciliated type propels mucus

Location: nonciliated type lines most of digestive tract, ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes

31
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Description: single layer of cells of differing heights, may contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia

Function: secretion of mucus

Location: nonciliated type in male’s sperm- carrying ducts, ciliated type lines trachea and upper respiratory tract

Because of different heights gives impression of 2 layers when actually just 1

32
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Description Thick membrane of several cell layers Surfaced cells are flattened; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are dead, basal cells are active

Function Protection

Location Keratinized type forms epidermis; non- keratinzed type forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth & vagina

33
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

Quite rare in body
Found in some sweat and mammary glands
Typically two cell layers thick

34
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

Limited distribution in body

Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts (mammary glands)

Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

35
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells squamouslike

Function: stretches readily & permits distension of urinary organ

Location: lines ureters and bladder

36
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Classified by:
-Site of product release—endocrine or exocrine
-Relative number of cells forming the gland—unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular

37
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell
Produce mucin -> mucus
Secreted by exocytosis

38
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a secretory unit

Classified according to structure:
Duct type (simple or compound) 
Structure of their secretory units (tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar)
39
Q

Simple duct structure (duct does not branch)/ Tubular

secretory structure

A
  • Simple tubular (example: intestinal glands)

- Simple branched tubular (example: stomach gastric glands)

40
Q

Compound duct structure (duct branches)/ Tubular

secretory structure

A

-Compound tubular (example: duodenal glands of small intestine)

41
Q

Simple duct structure (duct does not branch)/Alveolar secretory structure

A
  • Simple alveolar (example: none)

- Simple branched alveolar (example: sebaceous oil glands

42
Q

Compound duct structure (duct branches)/ Alveolar secretory structure

A
  • Compound alveolar (example: mammary glands)

- Compound tubuloalveolar (example: salivary glands)

43
Q

Modes of secretion

A
  • Merocrine (merely secrete): products are secreted by exocytosis (e.g. pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands)
  • Holocrine: Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands aka acne)
  • Apocrine: pinches off secretion & repairs, controversial if found in humans (mammary)
44
Q

Connective tissue

A

Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type

Four classes:

  1. Connective tissue proper
    * Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
    * Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
  2. Cartilage
    Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
  3. Bone tissue
  4. Blood

Functions of connective tissues:
-Provide a structural framework for the body

  • Transport fluids and dissolved materials
  • Protection of delicate organs
  • Supporting, surrounding, interconnecting other types of tissue
  • Storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides
  • Defense against invading microorganisms
45
Q

Characteristics of connective tissues

A
  • Extracellular matrix:
    • ground substance
    • fibers
  • cells
  • common origin of mesenchyme

**varying degrees of vascularity

46
Q

Structural elements of connective tissue- Ground substance

A 
Components:
  *Interstitial fluid
   *Adhesion proteins (“glue”) 
   *Proteoglycans
            --Trap water in varying 
               amounts, affecting 
               the viscosity of the 
               ground substance
47
Q

3 types of fibers of connective tissue

A

A.) Collagen (white fibers):
Strongest and most abundant type
High tensile strength

b) Elastic (yellow fibers):
Stretch and recoil

c) Reticular:
Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

48
Q

Structural elements of connective tissue- cells

A 
Mitotically active and secretory cells = “blasts”
  *Fibroblasts in connective 
  tissue proper
  *Chondroblasts in cartilage
   *Osteoblasts in bone
Mature cells = “cytes”
  *Chondrocytes in cartilage 
  *Osteocytes in bone
   *Erythrocytes in blood
   *Fat cells (adipocytes), 
    white blood cells 
    (leukocytes), mast cells, 
   and macrophages
49
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue:

  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular

Dense connective tissue:

  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • elastic
50
Q

Areolar loose connective tissue

A

Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some WBC

Function: Wraps and cushions organs; important role in inflammation; holds tissue fluids

Location: Under epithelium, packages organs, surrounds capillaries, most abundant

When body is inflamed, this tissue soaks up extra fluid like a sponge-edema

51
Q

Adipose loose connective tissue

A

Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.

Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Location: Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

52
Q

Reticular loose connective tissue

A

Description: Only reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.

Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports free blood cells, mostly lymphocytes

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

53
Q

Regular dense connective tissuee

A

Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Attaches muscles to bones; attaches bone to bones withstands great tensile stress

Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
(sheet like tendinous material).

54
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue

A

Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.

Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of the digestive tract.

55
Q

Elastic dense connective tissue

A

Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.

Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.

Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within walls of the bronchial tubes.

56
Q

Cartilage

A

3 types of cartilage:

  • Hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • Cartilage is avascular (no blood vessels)
  • Aging cartilage loses ability to divide
57
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Description: collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondrocytes lie in lacunae

Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

Location: covers ends of long bones; forms costal cartilage of ribs; cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx

58
Q

Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

A

cartilage which turns into bone

59
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix.

Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.

Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis.

60
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.

Function:Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.

61
Q

Osseous Bone

A

Description: hard calcified matrix containing collagen; well vascularized; osteocytes lie in lacunae

Function: bone supports and protects, provides levers for muscles; stores minerals; marrow inside bones is site of blood cell formation

Location: bones

High regeneration

62
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

A genetic disorder of the connective tissue (long bones, sternal indent, scoliosis, CV problems)

63
Q

Blood

A

Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).

Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.

Location: Contained within blood vessels.

64
Q

Neural tissue

A

Specialized to conduct electrical impulses throughout the body

Contains two basic cell types: neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)

Neurons: longest cells in body (up to 1 meter)

Most cannot divide: limited ability to repair

Neuron has large cell body, dendrites and axon

65
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Moves the body by pulling on bones of the skeleton, making it possible for us to walk, dance, etc

66
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Contraction moves blood through the blood vessels

67
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

contractions move fluids and solids along the digestive tract and regulates the diameters of small arteries, among other functions

68
Q

Epithelial membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane (skin) (More detail with the Integumentary System, Chapter 5)
  2. Mucous membranes
    Line body cavities open to the exterior (e.g., digestive and respiratory tracts)
  3. Serous membranes
    Parietal serosae line internal body walls
    Visceral serosae cover internal organs

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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