Chapter 1 Flashcards
Physiology
The study of function at many levels, “how the body works”
-Subdivisions are based on organ systems
Principle of Complementarity
-Function always reflects structure
Levels of Organization
Chemical level -> Cellular Level -> Tissue Level -> Organ Level -> Organ System Level -> Organismal Level
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering (skin). Protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchange occur thru the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Ingestible foodstuffs are eliminated as poop.
- Urinary System
- Male reproductive System
- Female reproductive system
last 3 of the 11 systems
All living things perfrom these basic functions
-Maintain boundaries
-movement
-responsiveness
-digestion
-metabolism
excretion
-reproduction
-growth
Homeostatic Regulation
The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
-Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
- Receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor.
- Control center activates an effector that negates the original stimulus.
- Slide 24 & 26 on PPW
- Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
Stimulus -> Receptor (detects change) -> Input (info sent along afferent pathway to control center -> Control center -> Output (info sent along the efferent pathway to effector) ->effector -> response
How body maintains homeostasis (neg. feedback)
Positive Feedback
- Accelerates a process to completion
- Initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition
- Found when a dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly
- Much less common than negative feedback:
* Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin*Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Directional Terms
fill in
Regional Terms
2 major divisions of body:
- Axial
* Head, neck, and trunk - Appendicular
* Limbs
Anterior Ventral
refer back to ppw
Posterior/ dorsal
refer back to ppw
Membranes in the ventral body cavity
- Serous membrane (serosa): double layered
- parietal serosa: lines body cavity walls
- visceral serosa: covers organs in the cavity
Serous fluid: secreted by both membranes
- provides lubrication between the layers
- reduces friction
Serous Membrane (Serosa)
- Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
- Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
* Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
- Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Median Sagittal
A vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves.
Sagittal
Any vertical plane parallel to the median sagittal plane (=parasagittal plane)
Coronal
Any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.
Transverse
With reference to the head, neck, and trunk: any horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. With reference to the limbs: any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element
Longitudanal
Any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis
Superior or Cranial
Refers to one structure being above or closer to the head than another
Inferior or Caudal
Refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another.
Anterior or Ventral
Refers to one structure being in front of another.
Posterior or Dorsal
Refers to one structure being behind another
Medial
Refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another
Lateral
Refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another
Proximal
Refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachtment) of the limb than another.
Distal
Refers to a structure of the upper or lower limb that is farther away from the root of the limb than another.
