Chapter 1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

The study of function at many levels, “how the body works”

-Subdivisions are based on organ systems

Question 2

Principle of Complementarity

Answer 2

-Function always reflects structure

Question 3

Levels of Organization

Answer 3

Chemical level -> Cellular Level -> Tissue Level -> Organ Level -> Organ System Level -> Organismal Level

Question 4

Integumentary System

Answer 4

Forms the external body covering (skin). Protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Question 5

Skeletal System

Answer 5

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Question 6

Muscular System

Answer 6

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Question 7

Nervous System

Answer 7

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Question 8

Endocrine System

Answer 8

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Question 9

Cardiovascular System

Answer 9

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Question 10

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Answer 10

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Question 11

Respiratory System

Answer 11

Keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchange occur thru the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Question 12

Digestive System

Answer 12

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Ingestible foodstuffs are eliminated as poop.

Question 13

• Urinary System
• Male reproductive System
• Female reproductive system

Answer 13

last 3 of the 11 systems

Question 14

All living things perfrom these basic functions

Answer 14

-Maintain boundaries
-movement
-responsiveness
-digestion
-metabolism
excretion
-reproduction
-growth

Question 15

Homeostatic Regulation

Answer 15

The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
-Negative Feedback

Question 16

Negative Feedback

Answer 16

• Receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor.
• Control center activates an effector that negates the original stimulus.
• Slide 24 & 26 on PPW
• Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

Question 17

Stimulus -> Receptor (detects change) -> Input (info sent along afferent pathway to control center -> Control center -> Output (info sent along the efferent pathway to effector) ->effector -> response

Answer 17

How body maintains homeostasis (neg. feedback)

Question 18

Positive Feedback

Answer 18

• Accelerates a process to completion
• Initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition
• Found when a dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly
• Much less common than negative feedback:
  * Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

       *Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Question 19

Directional Terms

Answer 19

fill in

Question 20

Regional Terms

Answer 20

2 major divisions of body:

• Axial
  * Head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular
  * Limbs

Question 21

Anterior Ventral

Answer 21

refer back to ppw

Question 22

Posterior/ dorsal

Answer 22

refer back to ppw

Question 23

Membranes in the ventral body cavity

Answer 23

• Serous membrane (serosa): double layered
  
  • parietal serosa: lines body cavity walls
  • visceral serosa: covers organs in the cavity

Serous fluid: secreted by both membranes

• provides lubrication between the layers
• reduces friction

Question 24

Serous Membrane (Serosa)

Answer 24

• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
  
  • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
    * Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Question 25

Median Sagittal

Answer 25

A vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves.

Question 26

Sagittal

Answer 26

Any vertical plane parallel to the median sagittal plane (=parasagittal plane)

Question 27

Coronal

Answer 27

Any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

Question 28

Transverse

Answer 28

With reference to the head, neck, and trunk: any horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. With reference to the limbs: any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element

Question 29

Longitudanal

Answer 29

Any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis

Question 30

Superior or Cranial

Answer 30

Refers to one structure being above or closer to the head than another

Question 31

Inferior or Caudal

Answer 31

Refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another.

Question 32

Anterior or Ventral

Answer 32

Refers to one structure being in front of another.

Question 33

Posterior or Dorsal

Answer 33

Refers to one structure being behind another

Question 34

Medial

Answer 34

Refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another

Question 35

Lateral

Answer 35

Refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another

Question 36

Proximal

Answer 36

Refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachtment) of the limb than another.

Question 37

Distal

Answer 37

Refers to a structure of the upper or lower limb that is farther away from the root of the limb than another.