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HAN 200 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebellum

A
  • Dorsal to brainstem, inferior to occipital lobe
  • subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
  • tests: balance, coordination, finger-nose
  • Involved in learning motor tasks (sport, musical instruments)
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2
Q

The pons belongs to which major brain region

A

brain stem

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3
Q

Severe damage to which of the following brain regions would result in death?

A

medulla oblongata

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4
Q

Which of the following brain systems is heavily involved in mediating emotional responses?

A

limbic system

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

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6
Q

Afferent nervous system

A

transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS

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7
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

division of the nervous system that functions to produce localized adjustments (such as sweating as a response to an increase in temperature) and reflex adjustments of the cardiovascular system.

  • > fight or flight
  • > This response is characterized by the release of large quantities of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, an increase in heart rate, an increase in cardiac output, skeletal muscle vasodilation, cutaneous and gastrointestinal vasoconstriction, pupillary dilation, bronchial dilation, and piloerection. The overall effect is to prepare the individual for imminent danger.
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8
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

predominates in quiet “rest and digest” conditions

The main purpose of the PNS is to conserve energy to be used later and to regulate bodily functions like digestion and urination.

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9
Q

Regions and organization of the CNS

A

Adult brain regions:
1. Cerebral hemispheres (cortex, cerebral white matter and basal ganglia)

  1. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
  2. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  3. Cerebellum
    - > Spinal cord
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10
Q

what is the difference between white and gray matter

A

White matter= axons, myelinated fibers

Gray matter= cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers

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11
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A
  • > connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord
  • > lined by ependymal cells
  • > Contain cerebrospinal fluid
  • 2 C-shaped lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
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12
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

compression of brain due to build up of spinal fluid in ventricles

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13
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Surface markings

  • > Ridges (gyri)
  • > shallow grooves (sulci)
  • > deep grooves (fissures)

5 lobes per hemisphere:

  • > frontal
  • > parietal
  • > temporal
  • > occipital
  • > insula
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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Site of conscious mind:
awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

The 3 types of functional areas are:
-> motor areas- control voluntary movement

  • > sensory areas- conscious awareness of sensation
  • > association areas- integrate diverse info
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15
Q

motor areas (frontal lobe)

A

Primary (somatic) motor cortex:

  • > control of skeletal muscles
  • > pyramidal cells-> pyramidal tracts

Premotor cortex:
-> plans movements, coordinates movements of several groups into complex tasks (musical instrument)

Broca’s area:
->motor speech area (left hemisphere)

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16
Q

Regions and Organization of the CNS

A
  • > Adult brain regions:
    1. Cerebral hemispheres: (cortex, cerebral white matter, and basal ganglia)
  1. Diencephalon: (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
  2. Brain stem: (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  3. Cerebellum
    - >Spinal cord
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17
Q

what is the difference between white and gray matter?

A
  • > white matter= axons

- >gray matter=cell bodies

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18
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A
  • > connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord
  • > lined by ependymal cells (Ependymal cells are ciliated-epithelial glial cells that develop from radial glia along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. They play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain.)
  • > contain cerebrospinal fluid
  • 2 C-shaped lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
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19
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

compression of brain due to build up of spinal fluid in ventricles

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20
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

A

touch

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21
Q

association areas

A

understanding of sensory info

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22
Q

sensory areas

A

visual areas

auditory areas

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23
Q

olfactory area

A

smell

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24
Q

visceral sensory area

A

full bladder

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25
Q

vestibular cortex

A

equilibrium

26
Q

visual areas (occipital lobe)

A

Primary visual (striate) cortex:

  • extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
  • receives visual info from the retinas
  • > Visual association area:
  • uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement)
  • recognizes faces and familiar objects
27
Q

auditory areas (temporal lobe)

A

primary auditory cortex:

  • > temporal lobes
  • > interprets info from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

auditory association area:
-> stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds (car brakes, voices)

28
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • > Most complicated cortical region
  • > Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
  • > Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
  • > Develops slowly in children, depends on feedback from social environment
  • > Lesions in this area can cause personality changes
29
Q

lateralization of cortical function

A

lateralization: division of labor between hemispheres

  • > left hemisphere:
  • controls language, math, and logic
  • > right hemisphere:
  • insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills

**Left and right hemispheres communicate via fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter

30
Q

cerebral white matter

A

Myelinated fibers and their tracts

Responsible for communication:

  • > Commissures-
  • Connect the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

->Association fibers—
connect different parts of the same hemisphere

->Projection fibers—
connect the hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

31
Q

commissures

A

*Connect the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

32
Q

association fibers

A

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

33
Q

projection fibers

A

connect the hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

34
Q

basal nuclei (ganglia)

A
  • > subcortical nuclei
  • > functions:
  • help regulate attention and cognition
  • regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
  • inhibit unnecessary movements

Disorders in Basal Ganglia causes too much movement as in Huntington’s Disease or too little movement in Parkinson’s Disease

35
Q

diencephalon

A

3 paired structures:

  • > thalamus
  • relay station
  • > hypothalamus
  • homeostasis
  • > epithalamus
  • melatonin

these 3 structures enclose third ventricle

36
Q

thalamic function

A
  • > gateway to the cerebral cortex (relay station)
  • > sorts, edits, and relays info (afferent impulses from all senses)
  • > thalamus means “inner room”
37
Q

hypothalamic function

A
  • > autonomic control center
  • e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract mobility
  • > emotional response (limbic system): involved in the perception of pleasure, fear, and rage and in biological rhythms and drives
  • > fearful person-has a pounding heart, high blood pressure, sweating, dry mouth
  • > also regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst
  • > connected to the pituitary gland
38
Q

epithalamus

A
  • > part of diencephalon

- > pineal gland-secretes melatonin (helps regulate sleep-wake cycles)

39
Q

brain stem

A

3 regions:
-> midbrain: substantia nigra (parkinsons disease)

  • > pons- “bridge”
  • > medulla oblongata- connects to spinal cord
40
Q

substania nigra

A
  • > functionally linked to basal ganglia (nuclei)
  • > produces neurotransmitter dopamine
  • > degeneration of these dopamine releasing neurons causes parkinsons disease
41
Q

medulla oblongata

A

-> autonomic reflex centers- unconscious activity

Cardiovascular center:

  • > cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • > vasometer center adjusts blood vessel diameter

Respiratory center:

  • > generate respiratory rhythm
  • > control rate and depth of breathing

Damage to brain stem, especially medulla oblongata results in death

42
Q

the cerebellum

A
  • > dorsal to brainstem, inferior to occipital lobe
  • > subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
  • > tests: balance, coordination, finger-nose
  • > involved in learning motor tasks (sports, musical instruments)
43
Q

functional brain systems

A

limbic system:emotional brain

  • > hippocampus (stress)
  • > amygdala
  • > cingulate gyrus
  • > hypothalamus (diencephalon)

reticular formation: wakefulness

44
Q

limbic system

A

emotional or effective brain
->amygdala: recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, asses danger, elicits the fear response, “body’s alarm system”

  • > cingulate gyrus: plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
  • limbic system & olfactory area related
  • odors recall memories
45
Q

Limbic system: emotion and cognition

A
  • the limbic system (emotional brain) interacts with the prefrontal lobes (thinking brain), therefore:
  • > our emotions sometimes override logic and conversely why reason can stop us from expressing our emotions
  • > hippocampus and amygdala-play a role in memory

“use your head but trust your heart”

46
Q

reticular formation

A

RAS (reticular activating system):
->sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert

  • > filters out repetitive stimuli
  • > RAS inhibited by sleep cnters (depressed by EtOH and tranquilizers)
  • > severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness (coma)
47
Q

organizations

A
  1. Pre/motor cortex: ?
    - prefrontal cortex: problem solving
    - hypothalamus: autonomic center
    - sensory cortex: touch, temp, pain
    - thalamus:relay station
    - cerebellum: movement
    - hippocampus:memory
    - amygdala: emotion
    - pons:part of brainstem
    - spinal cord:pathways
48
Q

sleep

A
  • State of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation
  • Environmental monitoring continues (can be aroused – crying baby; sleepwalkers avoid obstacles)
  • Two major types of sleep (defined by EEG patterns);
  • Nonrapid eye movement (NREM)
  • Rapid eye movement (REM)
49
Q

importance of sleep

A
  • slow wave sleep (NREM stages 3 &4) is presumed to be the restorative stage
  • people deprived of REM sleep become moody and depressed
  • sleep deprivation is linked to increased risk of heart diease, DM, kidney disease, and stroke, and HBP
  • REM sleep may be a reverse learning process where superfluous info is purged from the brain
  • daily sleep requirements decline with age
50
Q

language

A

language implementation system:

  • basal nuclei
  • broca’s area (frontal lobe)
  • wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)

-corresponding areas on the right side are involved with nonverbal language components

broca’s- expressive speech

wernicke’s- understanding speech

51
Q

memory

A

-encoding, storage and retrieval of info

  • 2 stages:
  • short term memory (STM, or working memory)- temporary holding of info; limited to 7 or 8 pieces of info

*long term memory has limitless capacity

52
Q

transfer of memory from STM to LTM

A
  • factors that affect transfer from STM to LTM
  • emotional state: best if alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused (norepinephrine)
  • rehearsal- repetition and practice
  • association-tying new info with old
  • automatic memory-subconscious info stored in LTM
53
Q

protection of the brain

A
  • bone (skull)
  • membranes(meninges)
  • watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid)
  • blood-brain barrier (filters toxins, but not lipid soluble like alcohol)
54
Q

meninges

A

-cover and protect the CNS

3 layers:
-Dura mater: “tough mother” fibrous CT (consists of periosteal and meningeal)

  • Arachnoid matter: “spider”, subarachnoid contains CSF and blood vessels
  • pia mater: “gentle mother” delicate CT, clings to brain like saran wrap
55
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

functions:
-Gives buoyancy to the CNS organs – floats the brain

  • Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
  • Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals
  • Constant volume, replaced every 8 hours

choroid plexus: hangs from roof of ventricles, produces CSF

56
Q

spinal cord

A

location:

  • begins at the foramen magnum
  • ends at conus medullaris at L1 vertebra

functions:

  • provides 2 way communication to and from the brain
  • contains spinal reflex centers
57
Q

spinal cord protection

A

protected by vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space

58
Q

gray matter

A

-dorsal horns:
somatic and visceral sensory

-ventral horns:
somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots

  • lateral horns: (only in thoracic and lumbar regions)- sympathetic neurons
  • dorsal root (spinal) ganglia: contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
59
Q

Ascending tracts transmit ______ impulses while descending tracts conduct ______ impulses.

A

sensory;motor

60
Q

spinal cord trauma

A

transection (cut):
-results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the damage

  • quadriplegia-transection in the cervical region
  • paraplegia- transection between T1 and L1

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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