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HAN 200 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The appendicular skeleton

A
  • Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
    * clavicle
    * scapula
  • Upper limb: arm, forearm & hand
  • Pelvic (hip) girdle
    * ilium
    * ischium
    * pubis

-Lower limb: thigh, leg, foot

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2
Q

Glenoid

A

shallow socket to allow mobility

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3
Q

The upper limb

A
  • 30 bones form skeletal framework
  • Arm
    • Humerus (funny bone)
  • Forearm
    • Radius and ulna
  • Hand
    • 8 carpal bones in the wrist
    • 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
    • 14 phalanges in the fingers
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4
Q

Humerus

A
  • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
  • Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
  • have greater and lesser tubercle
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5
Q

Bones of the forearm

A
  • Ulna:
    • Medial bone in forearm
    • forms major portion of elbow joint with the humerus
    • so much bigger
  • Radius:
  • Lateral bone in forearm
  • Forms major portion of wrist joint
  • Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
  • Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length
  • small but as you get lower down, radius gets larger
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6
Q

Hand: carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges

A

-Carpus (wrist)
*8 bones in 2 rows
*Proximal row-lateral to
medial
**scaphoid, lunate,
triquetrum, and
pisiform

  * Distal row-lateral to medial 
       * trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, an dhamate
  • metacarpus (palm)
  • phalanges (fingers)
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7
Q

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

A
  • Two hip bones (coxal bones) and sacrum
  • Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton
  • Support pelvic organs

-Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint

  • Three fused bones form coxal bone:
    • Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx, pelvic ring

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8
Q

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves

A

Female Pelvis

  • Adapted for childbearing
  • true pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal
  • cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

Male pelvis

  • tilted less far forward
  • higher up, right under ribs
  • adapted for support of males heavier build and stronger muscles
  • cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
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9
Q

The lower limb

A

Carries entire weight of erect body

Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run

Three segments of lower limb

  • Thigh
  • Leg
  • Foot
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10
Q

Bones of the thigh

A

Femur

  • Largest and strongest bone in the body
  • Length~ 1/4 of persons height
  • articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella
  • comparison to humerous

Patella
-Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

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11
Q

Bones of the leg

A

Tibia

  • medial leg bone
  • receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot

Fibula

  • Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
  • Several muscles originate from fibula
  • Articulates proximally and distally with tibia

-Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane

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12
Q

Foot: Tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges

A

Tarsus

  • Seven tarsal bones
  • Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus
  • Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones
  • Several joints in ankle and foot to accommodate uneven ground surfaces

Metatarsals (foot)
*Metatarsal head

Phalanges (toes)

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13
Q

Arches of the foot

A
  • Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons
  • Allow foot to bear weight
  • Three arches
    • Lateral longitudinal
    • Medial longitudinal
      * Transverse
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14
Q

Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull

A
  • Infant skull has more bones than adult skull
    • Skull bones such as mandible and frontal bones are unfused
    *Skull bones connected by fontanelles
    =Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes
    =Ease birth and allow brain growth
    =Four fontanelles (soft spots)
    -Anterior, posterior,
    mastoid, and
    sphenoidal
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15
Q

Development of Spinal curves

A

At birth, only thoracic & sacral (primary) curves are present (convex posteriorly)

Cervical & lumbar (secondary) curvatures develop in childhood (convex anteriorly)

  • cervical curve: when baby starts lifting head
  • lumbar curve: baby begins to walk (12th mo.)
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16
Q

Developmental Aspects: old age

A

Intervertebral discs thin, less hydrated, and less elastic
*Risk of disc herniation increases

Several centimeter height loss common by 55

Costal cartilages ossify
*Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange

All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases, spontaneous fractures

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17
Q

Skeletal System

A

Composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments

Two major parts:
1. Axial:
  -Skull
       *Cranium and facial 
         bones

-Vertebral column
*Cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

  • Thoracic cage
    2. Appendicular
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18
Q

8 cranial bones

A

P (arietal) 2
E (thmoid)
S (phenoid)
T (emporal) 2

O (ccipital)
F (rontal)
6

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19
Q

Frontal bone (forehead)

A

Anterior portion of cranium

Most of anterior cranial fossa

Superior wall of orbits

Contains air-filled frontal sinus

Articulates with parietal bones by coronal suture

20
Q

Parietal bones and major associated sutures (walls)

A

Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault

Four sutures mark articulations:

  1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone
  2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones
  3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone
  4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull
21
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa

Articulates with 1st vertebra

Sites of attachment for ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles

22
Q

Temporal bones

A

Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor (complicated shape)

Four major regions:
Squamous - zygomatic

Tympanic –outer ear

Mastoid – anchor for neck MM

Petrous – inner/middle ear

23
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Complex, bat-shaped bone

Embedded in skull

Keystone bone:
Articulates with all other cranial bones

Three pairs of processes:

  • Greater wings
  • Lesser wings
  • Pterygoid processes
24
Q

Ethmoid bone (delicate bone)

A

Deepest skull bone

Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities

Contributes to medial wall of orbits

Crista galli for dural attachment, secures brain in cranial cavity

25
Q

14 facial bones

A
  • Mandible
  • Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
  • Zygomatic bones (2)
  • Nasal bones (2)
  • Lacrimal bones (2)
  • Palatine bones (2)
  • Vomer
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)

“Zoro Likes Punching My Very Nose In”

26
Q

Mandible

A
  • Lower jaw, U-shaped
  • Largest, strongest bone of face
  • Body and 2 Rami
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ):
      *Only freely movable joint 
        in skull
27
Q

Maxillary Bones

A

Keystone bones:
*Articulate with all other
facial bones except
mandible

Contain maxillary sinuses
*Largest of paranasal
sinuses

28
Q

Zygomatic bones

A
  • cheekbones

- inferolateral margins of orbits

29
Q

Nasal bones and lacrimal bones

A

Nasal bones
*form bridge of nose

Lacrimal bones

  • in medial walls of orbits
  • lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
30
Q

Palatine bones

A
  • Posterior one-third of hard palate
  • Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity
  • Small part of the orbits
31
Q

Vomer

A

Plow shaped

inferior part of nasal septum

32
Q

Orbits

A
  • Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
  • Sites of attachment for eye muscles
  • Formed by parts of seven bones:
  • Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid
33
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones:

  • Ethmoid – sup/middle conchae
  • Palatine bones – perpendicular plates
  • Maxillary bones
  • Inferior nasal conchae

-Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage
*Perpendicular plate of
ethmoid
*Vomer
*Anterior septal cartilage

34
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Not bone of skull

Does not articulate directly with another bone, attached by ligaments to styloid
process

Movable base for tongue

Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

35
Q

vertebral column

A

Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs

Surrounds and protects spinal cord

Flexible curved structure containing 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) in five major regions:
*Cervical vertebrae (7)—vertebrae of neck

  • Thoracic vertebrae (12)—vertebrae of thoracic cage
  • Lumbar vertebrae (5)—vertebrae of lower back
  • Sacrum—bone inferior to lumbar vertebrae
  • Coccyx—terminus of vertebral column
36
Q

Vertebral Column: curvatures

A

Increase resilience and flexibility of spine:

*Cervical and lumbar
curvatures
-Concave posteriorly

*Thoracic and sacral
curvatures
-Convex posteriorly

  • Abnormal spine curvatures:
  • Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curve
  • Kyphosis (hunchback) – exaggerated thoracic curvature
  • Lordosis (swayback) – accentuated lumbar curvature
37
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (on body)
  • From neck to sacrum
  • Anterior – stronger prevents hyperextension
  • Posterior – narrow and weak, prevents extreme forward flexion

-Ligamentum flavum
*Connects adjacent
vertebrae

-Short ligaments
*Connect each vertebra to
those above and below

38
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Cushionlike pad composed of two parts:
-Nucleus pulposus

 *Inner gelatinous nucleus 
  *Gives disc its elasticity 
     and compressibility

-Anulus fibrosus

*Outer collar composed of 
  collagen and 
   fibrocartilage

*Limits expansion of 
  nucleus pulposus
39
Q

General Structure of vertebrae

A

Body or centrum:
*Anterior weight-bearing
region

Vertebral arch
     *Composed of pedicles 
       and laminae that, along 
       with centrum, enclose 
       vertebral foramen

Vertebral foramina
*Together make up
vertebral canal for spinal
cord

Intervertebral foramina
      *Lateral openings 
       between adjacent 
       vertebrae for spinal 
       nerves
40
Q

Vertebrae

A

Cervical (C1-C7)

  • short spinous process (bifid)
  • transverse foramen in transverse processes
  • C1 (atlas), C2 (axis)

Thoracic (T1-T12)

  • long, downward-pointing spinous processes
  • articulate with ribs in posterior

Lumbar (L1-L5)

  • short, hatchet-shaped spinous processes
  • very large bodies
41
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

-C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features

Atlas (C1):
*No body or spinous
process

*Consists of anterior and
posterior arches,

*Articulate with occipital 
 condyles

* Movement for "Yes”
* Carries the skull
42
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

Axis (C2):
*Dens projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas
*Is “missing” body of
atlas

  • Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas
  • Movement for “No”
  • No intervertebral disc between atlas and axis
43
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • T1 to T12
  • All articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets
  • Long, spinous process that points inferiorly
  • Circular vertebral foramen
  • Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine
44
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • L1 to L5
  • Receives most stress
  • Short, thick pedicles and laminae
  • Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes point posteriorly
  • Vertebral foramen triangular
  • Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together to prevent rotation
45
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5)
  • Forms posterior wall of pelvis, completes the ring
  • Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of hip bones, forming sacroiliac joints
46
Q

Coccyx

A
  • Tailbone
  • 3–5 fused vertebrae
  • Articulates superiorly with sacrum
47
Q

Ribs and their attachments

A

-All attach posteriorly to bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

-Pairs 1 through 7
*True ribs – attach directly
to sternum via costal
cartilage

-Pairs 8 through 12 (false ribs)
*Pairs 8–10: Attach
indirectly by joining
cartilage of rib above

 *Pairs 11–12 also called 
  floating ribs. No 
  attachment to sternum

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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