chapter 8- jade lamas

Question 1

federal bureaucracy

Answer 1

def: the thousands of federal government agencies and institutions that implement and administer federal laws and programs.
sent: The federal bureaucracy is frequently called the “fourth branch of government.”

Question 2

max weber

Answer 2

def: german sociologist active in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries who articulated the hierarchical structure and near-mechanical functioning of bureaucracies in complex societies.
sent: Max Weber defined bureaucracy as and system of administration conducted by trained professionals.

Question 3

spoils system

Answer 3

def: the firing of public office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists off the newly elected party.
sent: The spoils system describes an executive’s ability to fire public’office holders.

Question 4

patronage

Answer 4

def: jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support.
sent: The spoils system is a form of patronage.

Question 5

merit system

Answer 5

def: a system of employment based on qualifications, test scores, and ability, rather than party royalty.
sent: The merit system was Rutherford B. Hayes’ idea.

Question 6

pendleton act

Answer 6

def: reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the civil service commission.
sent: The pendleton act was established in 1833.

Question 7

civil service system

Answer 7

def: the merit system by which many federal bureaucrats are selected.
sent: The law covered only 10 percent of positions in the federal civil service system.

Question 8

16th amendment

Answer 8

def: amendment to the U.S. constitution that authorized congress to enact a national income tax
sent: The ratification of the 16th amendment happened i 1913.

Question 9

world war I

Answer 9

def: a global military conflict that took place from 1914-1918 across europe and its oversees territories. the united states military intervened from 1917-1918.
sent: The economy appeared to boom a u.s. involvement in world war I caused an increase in manufacturing.

Question 10

great depression

Answer 10

def: a severe global economic downturn marked by mass unemployment and poverty that began in the united states in 1929 and persisted to some degree until the end of the 1930’s.
sent: After stock prices crashed in 1929, the nation plunged into the great depression.

Question 11

world war II

Answer 11

def: a global military conflict that took place from 1939-1945 in europe, africa, asia, and the pacific region. the united states was formally involved in the war from 1941-1945.
sent: On december 7, 1941, hawaii forced the us into world war II.

Question 12

G.I (government issue) Bill

Answer 12

def: federal legislation enacted in 1944 that provided college loans for returning veterans and reduced mortgage rates to enable them to buy homes.
sent: The G.I bill provided college loans for returning veterans.

Question 13

great society

Answer 13

def: reform program begun in 1964 by president lyndon b. johnso that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment relief.
sent: Great society program produced additional growth i the bureaucracy.

Question 14

department of homeland security

Answer 14

def: cabinet department created after the september 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to coordinate domestic security efforts.
sent: The largest department is the department of homeland security.

Question 15

cabinet departments

Answer 15

def: major administrations units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.
sent: The 15 cabinet departments are major administrative that have responsibility for conducting broad areas of government operations.

Question 16

independent executive agencies

Answer 16

def: governmental units that closely resemble a cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility and perform services rather than regulatory functions.
sent: Independent executive agencies closely resemble cabinet departments.

Question 17

independent regulatory commission

Answer 17

def: an entity created by congress outside a major executive department that regulates a specified or economic activity.
sent: Independent regulatory commission are agencies created by congress.

Question 18

government corporations

Answer 18

def: businesses established by congress to perform functions that provide businesses could provide, such as the u.s. postal service and amtrak. often established when the financial incentives for private industry to provide services are minimal.
sent: Government corporations date from the early 1930’s.

Question 19

hatch act

Answer 19

def: the 1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. this act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party or campaigning for a particular candidate.
sent: Congress enacted the political activities act of 1939, commonly known as the hatch act.

Question 20

implementation

Answer 20

def: the process by which a law or policy is put into operation.
sent: How agencies execute congressional wishes is called implementation.

Question 21

iron triangles

Answer 21

def: the relatively ironclad relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees.
sent: Political scientists investigated what they termed iron triangles.

Question 22

issue networks

Answer 22

def: the loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas.
sent: Many political scientists who examine external influences on the modern bureaucrats prefer to study issue networks.

Question 23

interagency councils

Answer 23

def: working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies,
sent: Interagency councils are an example of how a number of alliances have arisen within the bureaucracy.

Question 24

policy coordinating committees

Answer 24

def: committees created at the sub-cabinet level to facilitate interactions between agencies and departments to handle complex policy problems.
sent: Recent presidential administrations have set up policy coordinating committees.

Question 25

administrative discretion

Answer 25

def: the ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or executive intentions.
sent: Administrative discretion also allows decision makers a tremendous amount of leeway.

Question 26

rule making

Answer 26

def: a quasi-legislative process resulting in regulations that have the characteristics of a legislative act.
sent: Rule making is a quasi-legislative process.

Question 27

regulations

Answer 27

def: rules governing the operation of all government programs that have the force of law.
sent: Regulations often involve political conflict.

Question 28

federal register

Answer 28

def: the official journal of the u.s. government, including all federal rules and public notices so that citizens and organization can follow proposed changes and comply with rule changes.
sent: The public notice of the time, place, and nature of the rule-making proceedings are to be provided in the federal register.

Question 29

administrative adjudication

Answer 29

def: a quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties similar to the way courts resolve disputes.
sent: To force compliance, some agencies resort to administrative adjudication.