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PS276 > Chapter 8 - Identity > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Identity Flashcards

1
Q

What is self-concept?

A

the way one perceives themselves

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2
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

the way one feels about themselve

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3
Q

What is identity?

A

the degree to which one feels secure about who they are and where they’re headed in life

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4
Q

What are self-concepts in childhood like?

A

concrete

dichotomous - “either or” thinking

develop self-conceptions

global characterizations
- ex. “I’m nice, I’m smart, I’m good at basketball”

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5
Q

How do self-conceptions change in adolescence (generally)?

A

changes in cognitive development allow thinking abstractly and in multiple dimensions

leads to more differentiated self-conceptions

characteristics vary according to situation

allow young people to see themselves as complicated, contradictory, and multifaceted

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6
Q

What are the 3 major changes to self-conceptions in adolescence?

A

link traits/characteristics to specific situations
- ex. “I’m funny with my close friends but shy in a big group”

differentiate between different people’s perspectives
- ex. “I think I am outgoing but my friends think I am shy”

realize they may present differently to different people
- ex. “My friends see me as really friendly but my family thinks I am moody and rude all the time”

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7
Q

What is the main developmental identity task of adolescence?

A

construction of a sense of self that includes “multiple selves” in different roles and relationships

creating, defining, differentiating, and consolidating their sense of self

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8
Q

Why do these identity changes occur in adolescence?

A

cognitive change allows them to see multiple dimensions (contradictions/differences)

social change

  • increased autonomy
  • need to define self differently with parents and others

different treatment by different people in different situations = different attribute

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9
Q

What are the “3 selves”?

A

actual self (who I really am)

ideal self (who I would like to be)

feared self (who I do not want to be)

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10
Q

How do the 3 selves help shape self-development?

A

when actual does not equal ideal = disappointment and depression

worry/fear about the feared self = anxiety

struggle towards the ideal

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11
Q

What is differentiation of identity?

A

need to integrate the different selves, figure out who is the real me

identify true and false behaviour

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12
Q

What is false-self behaviour?

A

intentionally presenting a false impression to others

pretend to be something you are not

grade 6 children do not understand this but grade 7 children do

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13
Q

Why do individuals engage in false-self behaviour?

A

impress others
fit in
meet other’s expectations
appear acceptable/similar to others

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14
Q

When does false-self behaviour occur most often?

A

in dating relationships

sense of self not established, fluctuates situationally

more susceptible to peer pressure

most insecure in romanic situations

also on social media as its easier to demonstrate false self

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15
Q

What are the implications of ongoing false-self behaviour?

A

conflict between truth and choice

leads to negative self-evaluations, overall self-esteem, and relational self-esteem

less awareness of true attributes
- extreme form of loss of voice

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16
Q

What is loss of voice?

A

suppression of one’s own thoughts, opinions, and behaviours by being phoney

keeping your real thoughts, opinions, and behaviours to yourself and only saying what you think others want to hear

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17
Q

What is lack of authenticity?

A

suppression of real self -> lack of zest for self

manifests as depression, low self-esteem, low energy, and hopelessness

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18
Q

What is baseline self esteem?

A

overall sense of self in various areas

tends to be fairly consistent over the youth years

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19
Q

What is barometric self esteem?

A

feelings about specific aspects that fluctuate from day to day, depending on the situation

ex. having a zit, wearing a specific outfit, getting compliments, etc.

20
Q

What are the 2 key stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development pertaining to adolescents?

A

adolescence
- identity vs. identity diffusion

young adulthood
- intimacy vs. isolation

21
Q

What are crises according to Erikson?

A

natural, normal, inevitable conflict experienced by everyone in a particular life stage

each conflict emerges at a particular stage of life due to social structure and

must be resolved for further development to occur
- resolved through inner psychological and social experiences

22
Q

Describe the identity vs. identity diffusion crisis.

A

identity = accepting, discovering, choosing an identity

diffusion = a state of confusion from conflict and doubt over all of the choices

caused by social pressures

go through a series of identity struggles to experiment with roles, personalities, belief systems, values

task of discovering what you can be/possible selves

23
Q

What is identity moratorium?

A

the adolescent phase of switching from one self to another, trying on multiple personalities
- necessary to reach full potential

being “caught in the middle”

vague and changing commitments

actively experimenting with various roles and ideologies

are “in crisis” (exploration)

given this by being able to remain in school for a long time, can plan for the future without making irrevocable decisions

individuals free from excessive obligations so can experiment

24
Q

According to James Marcia, what are the 4 states of identity development?

A

differ along dimensions of crisis and commitment

no crisis or commitment = identity diffusion

no crisis with commitment = identity foreclosed

crisis no commitment = identity moratorium

crisis and commitment = identity achieved

25
Q

What is identity diffusion?

A

not exploring and making no attempt to do so

have not committed but also not in crisis

don’t know don’t care!

incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self

disrupted sense of time, excessive self-consciousness, problems in work, school, and relationships

26
Q

What is identity foreclosure?

A

committed but not experienced a crisis/exploration

identity has been imposed on them

ex. people who follow parental footsteps without considering any other options

27
Q

What is identity achievement?

A

have explored and have made ideological and vocational commitments

developed clear and stable sense of who they are, where they are headed, and what they believe

major task of adolescence/youth

28
Q

What makes identity an adolescent issue?

A

substantial reorganization of the sense of self at a time when they have intellectual capacity to appreciate the significance of the changes

change so dramatically on the outside during puberty, naturally have questions about the changes occurring on the inside

29
Q

What are the 5 factors in the 5-factor model of personality?

A

extraversion (outgoing/energetic)

agreeableness (kind/sympathetic)

conscientiousness (responsible/organized)

neuroticism (anxious/tense)

openness to experience (curious/imaginative)

30
Q

What is stability of a trait?

A

extent to which an individual’s relative ranking within a group on a particular trait stays more or less the same over time

31
Q

How does self-esteem change during adolescence?

A

no dramatic drop but feelings about themselves fluctuate from day to day especially during early adolescence

becomes increasingly more stable towards adulthood

32
Q

When does one’s self-image fluctuate the most? Why?

A

between 12-14

re-emergence of egocentrism

realize it is not always clear what they are thinking, become puzzled and uncomfortable thinking about how they are viewed by others

increased importance of peer opinion

33
Q

What are some of the different components of self-esteem?

A

academic - may be terrible at math but amazing at history

social - may be totally confident around their friends

some components may contribute more than others - physical self-esteem most important predictor of overall self-esteem

34
Q

What are some common group differences in self esteem?

A

girls more prone to self-image issues

black adolescents have higher self-esteem than white adolescents, who have higher self-esteem than Asian/Native/Hispanic adolescents

35
Q

Why may black adolescents have relatively high self-esteem?

A

support from black community

strong sense of ethnic community

36
Q

What some some strong influences on self-esteem?

A

approval of others, especially parents and peers

succeeding in school

37
Q

What is negative identity?

A

selection of an identity that is obviously undesirable in the eyes of significant others and the broader community

represents attempts to forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity

especially likely when repeated attempts to receive positive recognition from important figures have failed

38
Q

What are some characteristics of individuals who have experienced identity foreclosure?

A

most authoritarian and prejudiced

highest need for social approval

lowest autonomy

greatest closeness to parents

39
Q

What are some characteristics of individuals who have experienced identity diffusion?

A

highest psychological, behavioural, and interpersonal problems

socially withdrawn, antisocial behaviour, low intimacy

40
Q

What are some trends in identity development?

A

coherent identity generally not established before 18

boys tend to lag behind girls in identity development

changes less systematic than originally thought, can move in between identity states

individuals who show signs of identity diffusion or moratorium early on frequently remain in this state

41
Q

How does ethnic identity relate to other aspects of self?

A

just as important as establishing other identities

White adolescents have weaker sense of ethnic identity than non-white peers

feelings about own ethnic group become most positive throughout adolescence

strong ethnic identity -> improved mental health, self-esteem, etc.

42
Q

What is ethnic socialization?

A

process parents uses to attempt to teach their children about their ethnic/racial identity and about the social experiences they may encounter within the broader society as a result of their ethnic background

43
Q

What is the immigrant paradox?

A

on many measures of psychological functioning and mental health, adolescents who have immigrated more recently score higher on measures of adjustment than adolescents whose family has lived there for several generations

Americanization is not a positive thing!

44
Q

Who experiences heightened effects of discrimination?

A

minority youth with strong attachment to mainstream culture

minority youth with American born parents

can lead to psychological suffering and subsequent conduct problems

45
Q

What is the multidimensional model of racial identity?

A

perspective on ethnic identity that emphasizes 3 phenomena

racial centrality - how important race is in defining one’s identity
- increases during adolescence

private regard - how individuals feel about being a member of their race
- remains stable in adolescence

public regard - how individuals think others feel about their race
- differs among different backgrounds

46
Q

What is the gender intensification hypothesis?

A

the idea that pressures to behave in sex appropriate ways intensify during adolescence

contributes to mental health issues

consequences of being gender-atypical are greater for boys than girls

47
Q

Though adolescent males and females really aren’t that different aside from physically, what are some key differences?

A

aggression
- males more physical, females more social/verbal

intimacy
- females more verbal, males more shared activities

low self-esteem and depression
- both greater for female

PS276 (12 decks)

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