Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PS276 > Chapter 13 - Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the EAT-26?

A

screening tool for eating disorders

honesty and accuracy needed
- best done privately to avoid social desirability/self-consciousness

score provides indication of risk and is intended to be used to determine if an individual should be referred to specialist for full evaluation of eating disorder

does not provide or replace diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 main categories of eating disorder?

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many Canadian adolescent girls are obese? How many girls wish to lose weight?

A

25% are obese

40% of grade 8 girls want to lose weight even though most were not overweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Canadian prevalence for eating disorders?

A

0.3-1% for AN
1-2.5% for BN
2% for BN

AN least common despite being most well known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the sex differences in ED prevalence?

A

80-95% are female

70% of children with ED are female

less well known in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What age has the highest rate of ED?

A

21 year olds/14-25 age group

95% of 1st time cases appear by 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the mortality rate for ED? Which disorder is highest?

A

10-15%, highest mortality rate of any mental illness

AN has highest mortality rate, 10% will die within 10 years of onset

females 15-24 with AN have mortality 12x greater than all other causes of death combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cause of the high mortality rate associated with ED?

A

organ failure

suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is NSSI?

A

non-suicidal self-injury

deliberate and direct injury or damage of body tissue

usually intended without suicidal ideation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do individuals self harm?

A

relieve and regulate internal emotions/memories

punish oneself in response to feeling guilt/shame

gain a sense of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the self-destructive cycle of an eating disorder?

A 
anxiety/dissatisfaction/emotional pain
->
coping (disordered eating)
->
immense guilt
->
coping (self-harm)
->
anxiety/dissatisfaction/emotional pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 features common to EDs?

A

extreme concern for weight and shape
- immense fear of being fat, exaggerated desire for thinness

extreme practices of weight control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What different factors play into the fear of being overweight?

A

social - culture of thinness

psychological - determines self-worth, self-acceptance, and perceived acceptance

neurobiological - biochemical differences create vulnerabilities, impact on perceptual processes leading to perceptual distortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the most common areas of body dissatisfaction?

A

butt
thighs
abs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Nichter and Vuckovic discover about the way girls in middle school talked about their body?

A

self-abasing and apologetic

obsessed with body talk

coined the term “fat talk”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does body dissatisfaction start?

A

early!

42% of grade 1-3 students want to be thinner

81% of 10 year olds afraid of being fat

40-60% of 6-12 year old girls are concerned about their weight or becoming too fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is fat talk?

A

tendency for friends, particularly female, to take turns disparaging their bodies to each other

common and expected for women to self-degrade

normative discontent

young people seen as more likeable if they engage in fat talk

believe in provides reassurance but creates back and forth comparison that are never ending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some negative effects associated with fat talk?

A 
body dissatisfaction
negative affect
depression
anxiety
ED symptoms or full on disordered eating
more frequent checks of ones body

also creates body dissatisfaction in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is meant by distortions in body view?

A

dissatisfactions with weight and shape regardless of actual weight/shape

distorted view of the self

very common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some of the extreme practices used to lose weight?

A 
self-induced vomiting
amphetamines
laxative and diuretic abuse
fasting
excessive exercise
enemas
diet pills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

term defined means chronic lack of appetite/desire for food, but this is inaccurate

become preoccupied with food

self-imposed starvation

avoiding food even when hungry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for AN?

A

a) restriction of food/energy intake leading to significantly low body weight
b) intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight gain
c) disturbance in the way body weight or shape is experienced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 different ways in which disturbance of body weight/shape can be experienced?

A

distorted body view

undue influence of body weight/shape on self-evaluation

persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of current low weight

24
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of AN?

A

restricting type
- weight loss through extreme methods of weight control

binge-eating purging type

  • exhibit AN but also engage in binge eating or 1+ purging behaviour
  • typically those who binge eat purge, but some don’t binge and still purge
25
Q

When is AN most likely to develop?

A

early to mid teens

often after an episode of dieting and exposure to life stress

co-occurs with substance use disorder

26
Q

What is drunkorexia?

A

restricted eating or purging used to control weight gain from binge drinking

common in college/university females

27
Q

What are the health consequences of AN?

A

body starved of essential nutrients needed for function

body processes slowed to conserve energy

results in serious medical consequences

  • malnutrition
  • low BP
  • heart damage
  • osteoporosis
  • brain dysfunction
  • infections

eventually death

28
Q

Why do adolescents deny or downplay the problem?

A

cognitive factors

underdeveloped ability to see future consequences

personal fable

better arguers - more easily rationalize or provide explanations for behaviour

29
Q

What are the outcomes of AN?

A

of 5 AN deaths, 4 are from health complications and 1 is from suicide

males at higher risk of death
- diagnosed later, tend not to seek treatment

70% recover

  • slow and difficult
  • relapse is common and frequent
30
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

episodes of binge eating

followed by anxiety and disgust over possible weight gain and desire to be rid of food

31
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for BN?

A

a) recurrent episodes of binge eating
- eating more than most people would, feeling lack of control over it

b) repeated compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain
c) at least once a week over 3 months
d) self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape/weight
e) if separate from AN: if part of AN, then AN binge-purging type

32
Q

Why can BN go unnoticed?

A

weight normal to overweight

well-hidden, may go on for years

33
Q

What is the binge purge cycle?

A 
strict dieting
->
diet slips/difficult situations
->
binge eating triggered
-> 
purge to avoid weight gain
-> 
feelings of shame/self-hatred
-> 
strict dieting
34
Q

What are the health consequences of BN?

A

binge-purge cycles affect the entire body

  • digestive problems
  • electrolyte/chemical imbalances
  • depressed immune function
  • dental problems
  • osteoporosis
  • cognitive issues
  • seizures
  • abdominal pain

often in a state of starvation despite normal weight

  • malnutrition
  • fainting, weakness, rapid HR, etc.

mortality
- less common than AN

35
Q

What is binge eating disorder?

A

recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food (quickly to the point of discomfort)

loss of control during binge

feeling shame, distress, or guilt

not using compensatory measures to counter the binge

most common ED

36
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for BED?

A

a) recurrent episodes of binge eating
- lack of control over eating
- eating an amount of food definitely larger than standard

b) episodes associated with 3+ of:
- rapid eating
- eating until uncomfortably full
- eating a lot when not physically hungry
- eating alone due to embarrassment of how much eating
- feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty

c) marked distress
d) at least once a week for 3 months
e) not associated with BN or AN

37
Q

What are the different severity levels for BED?

A

episodes per week:

mild: 1-3
moderate: 4-7
severe: 8-13
extreme: 14+

38
Q

What are some health consequences of BED?

A

weight gain and obesity
- and associated health problems

depression

39
Q

What are some sociocultural factors leading to ED?

A

idealization of thinness

media/movie portrayals don’t fit the reality of a pubescent body

unrealistic expectations

40
Q

What types of social pressures lead to ED in males?

A

idealized lean, muscular bodies

increases body dissatisfaction in males

silent epidemic

41
Q

What is the Scarlett O’Hara effect?

A

eating lightly to project femininity

42
Q

What is the anti-fat bias?

A

fat-phobic society

promoted in the media
- in TV, more negative comments given and reinforced by laughter towards heavier females

excessive body fat tends to have negative connotations in our society
- lazy, unsuccessful

43
Q

What is fat shaming?

A

point out/nag/embarrass based on weight

leads to depression and low self-esteem

eating/weight may INCREASE

can trigger/exacerbate disordered eating

leads to lower levels of PA, negative attitudes towards sports in youth

often done by family or friends

44
Q

What is thin shaming?

A

assumed to be anorexic

food and exercise are policed

eating/weight may DECREASE

can trigger/exacerbate disordered eating

45
Q

What is the issue with dieting?

A

puts youth at risk for ED

far more likely to later engage in ED

dieting is increasing among Canadian youth

46
Q

What are some psychological factors contributing to ED?

A

pressure to succeed

competitive domains (gymnastics, dance, modelling, sports)

perfectionism

painful life situations
- food to cope with life stressors

issues of control
- overly controlled by others, body is the one thing they can control

47
Q

What is the relation between athletic competition and ED?

A

many D1 and D2 NCAA female athletes had attitudes, symptoms, or actual ED symptoms

48
Q

What biological factors contribute to ED?

A

genetics

  • ED runs in families
  • body dissatisfaction/desire to be thin are heritable

brain chemistry

  • hormones
  • endogenous opiods
  • neurotransmitters

genetics and brain chemistry create predisposition/vulnerability

49
Q

Describe the eating disorder trap.

A

predisposition (genetics, brain chemistry)
->
environmental factors (sociocultural pressure, negative life situations)
->

feeling out of control and unlovable

  • > feel fat/body dissatisfaction
  • > weight control
  • > weight loss/control
  • > feel relief/accomplishment over weight
  • > recurrence of fear of weight gain
  • > restart the cycle
50
Q

What are pro-ana sites?

A

view ED or diet behaviours as a lifestyle choice

offer tips, support, ideas

challenges to maintain behaviours

51
Q

What are lifestyle views of ED?

A

normalize or even glamourize extreme restriction and severe control of the self

ignore emotional issues and destructive physical impacts

delay acknowledgement/treatment seeking

contribute to relapse

52
Q

What are some different treatments for ED?

A

extremely difficult to get them into treatment, often deny having a problem

education
- on disorders or nutrition

individual therapy
- psychotherapy, CBT

family therapy

drug therapy

support groups
- can be problematic, pick up tips

hospitalization/private treatment centres

best approach is multidimensional and multi-professional

53
Q

What can we do to reduce ED behaviour?

A

stop talking about dieting

don’t engage in fat talk

resist negative advertising

assess personal/family attitudes towards weight and avoid negative interactions

power of modelling!
- mothers especially

ensure areas of independence
- decision making and control outside ones own body

emphasize many ways to succeed/many parts in the self

model good eating

don’t weigh yourself!

54
Q

What is the message of the 34x25x36 video?

A

“there are no perfect bodies, we make the perfect bodies”

mannequin industry replicates what the “perfect girl” is for the times, dictated by fashion companies

make the buyer think that they could look like that

55
Q

What were some interesting new points provided in the “Recovering: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa” video?

A

lose your friends, they get sick of your games

lot of stigma around people with ED

many triggers

cognitive effects - feel like a zombie, a shell of a person

feel a gap in their life once they get rid of the time commitment of their eating disorder

feel unique and like no one can help them

56
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state

drops to about 15% during puberty
- on top of fat-muscle ratio increasing markedly during puberty -> weight gain

57
Q

Why is obesity an adolescent issue?

A

eating high calorie, low fibre foods

physically inactive

excessive screen time

not enough sleep

PS276 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions