Chapter 7 - Work/Leisure Flashcards
What determines if adolescents work?
characteristics of young person
parental views about teen jobs
school and after-school commitments
laws and legislations
What are the U.S federal laws on age/hours worked?
employment begins at 14 (earlier in family business or agriculture)
age 14-15: 3 hours/school day, 8 hours/non-school day
- 40 hours/non-school week
age 16+ no hour limit
under 18 can’t work in a hazardous industry
What are the Canada Employment Standards Act (ESA) rules in Ontario?
14+ to work in most work places
15+ in restaurant kitchen, laundries, shipping/receiving in grocery stores, automotive service, produce and meat prep areas, and warehouses
no limits on hours of work for minors but no work during school hours
if being paid student wage, rate limit is 28 hours/week, above which they have to be paid regular minimum wage
What are some of the different minimum wages youth can be paid?
general minimum wage
student minimum wage
- up to 28 hours/week, less than general minimum wage
wilderness guide minimum wage
homeworkers minimum wage
What are some exemptions to minimum wage for students?
high school co-op work experience authorized by school does not have to be paid
college/university students performing work through school program do not have to be paid
students employed to instruct/supervise children or at camp for children have different wages
What are the working limitations on international students?
limited to 20 hours of work/week
April 2020 restriction temporarily lifted to help health care and other work places survive COVID-19, can work more hours if in an essential service
What is the average hours per week that Canadian adolescents work? What factors affect this stat?
14 hours/week
lower among adolescents born outside Canada
employment higher among middle and upper class youth - more contacts and access to transportation
those from small communities have easier time finding employment
How have adolescent employment rates changed with the economy?
late 1980s = strong Canadian economy, high # working youth
1990s = weakened economy, lower # working youth
2000+ = jobs scarce for adults and even more so for youth, “student work” taken by adults
2020/2021 = COVID-19 impact
What is the effect of low youth employment on education?
low youth employment -> low drop out rates -> higher education
What are some of the benefits of youth working?
independence higher status provides basis for new identities new expectations of responsibilities real world experience practical job skills lessons in punctuality, reliability exposure to peers/adults who provide new models of adult behaviour new reference groups financial independence money management
What trends surround co-op graduates?
increased employment
increased wage
decreased student loans
What is pre-mature affluence?
state of having excessive amounts of money to spend on one’s self that is not sustainable in adulthood
“discretionary income”
can be a bad thing; lead to increased drug use
How do young people spend their money?
majority on food and clothing
can either lead to independence, opportunity, and experiences, OR unrealistic expectations and future dissatisfaction
What are some possible negative impacts of working?
reduces time with family and peers reduces time for extracurriculars premature affluence exposure to negative models reduce time for homework/lower grades fatigue increased stress (dual demands of student worker)
How many hours SHOULD students be working?
20 hours
more impacts school performance, sleep, driving, and dropout rates
academic and behavioural problems mainly due to sleep deprivation
Are there effects of working in university/college?
12 hours/week = stronger grades
- requires discipline, time management
over 15 hours/week = more likely to drop out
- threshold where work starts to do more harm than good
- 15 or less = B or higher average
- over 15 = C or lower average
What are typical first few jobs of adolescence?
babysitter camp counsellor tutor pet sitter paper delivery landscaping grocery cashier/bagger fast food worker
What are some traits associated with most adolescent jobs in retail and service?
high turnover
low pay and low authority
simple, repetitive tasks
little/no training or skills
associated with negative consequences
- boring, dead end, few future prospects
What has research shown about jobs in high school?
less than 20% said their jobs gave them knowledge about topics they could use in school
school did not relate well to job needs
adolescent work completely disconnected from school
What did one Alberta study find on the role of part-time jobs in preparing for post-grad job market?
better prepared them than school
more people skills, job prep, business skills
volunteer work also helped
What did a California study find on the relationship between adolescent work and personal traits? (discrepancy)
students reported link between employment and being punctual, dependable, personally responsible, and self-reliant
BUT
employed youth more frequently late, poorer school performance, increased substance use, fewer contacts with family, and more cynical attitudes towards work
discrepancy!
How has adolescents free time changed?
compulsory schooling increased free time compared to long work hours each week
organized leisure now acts as supplement to school
How has marketing towards adolescents changed?
as they gained more autonomy and became consumers with discretionary income, marketing changed to target them
How do time use patterns change throughout school?
those who are busy early on tend to remain busy
busier adolescents better adjusted and more accomplished
What are the 3 types of adolescents in terms of involvement?
well-rounded adolescents with substantial time commitments across many activities
adolescents who focus on one type of activity (usually sports)
adolescents who don’t do anything outside of school
What are the trends in adolescent work?
fewer adolescents hold jobs during the school year
increased demands from school
fewer jobs available
growth of new technology expanded leisure opportunities
What have experience sampling studies shown about adolescents’ emotional states?
adolescents moods most positive with friends and least positive when alone
parental relationships strained in early adolescence but improve throughout middle and high school
What is the flow experience? What has it proven to be the most positive way for adolescents to spend their free time?
experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time
occurs only when playing sports or when involved in art/hobby/extracurricular
both enjoyable and absorbing
versus
- school: moderate concentration, low interest
- friends: moderate interest, low concentration
- unstructured leisure time: moderate interest, low concentration
therefore structured extracurricular activities most positive way to spend free time
What is the most popular structured leisure activity?
athletics
When is extracurricular activity participation more prevalent?
affluent families
students with better grades
students from smaller schools/communities
participation is stable over time
What are the benefits of structured leisure?
improves school performance reduces risk of dropout increases odds of college enrolment deters delinquency and risk taking enhances psychological and social well-being
What is the exception to the uniformly positive picture of structured leisure?
team sports
many psychological benefits (mental health, sleep, school achievement) but also associated with increased alcohol use and delinquency
especially among boys with “jock” identity in school-sponsored, male dominated sports
What is the spillover effect?
participation in school sponsored activities led to increased attachment to school, which in turn contributes to future educational success
increase student contact with teachers and other authority who reinforce the value of school
improve self-esteem, develop new friendships
What are some of the risks of participating in athletics?
injury
delinquency
violence
anxiety
What is the routine activity theory?
less structured an activity -> more likely a person is to encounter opportunities for problem behaviour
unstructured, unsupervised time with peers is main cause of misbehaviour
over past 15 years, substantial decline in number of evenings teenagers go out each week
- comes with decline in conduct problems in male adolescents
- no decline in females but may be because rates much lower to begin with
When does delinquency occur most often?
weekday afternoons
after school but before parents have returned home is prime time for unstructured and unsupervised leisure
What is the role of after school programming in delinquency?
self-care after school doesn’t hold great benefits for youth and may cause problems if parents don’t promote development of responsible behaviour when with the child
experts have called for better and more-readily available after school programming for adolescents
- both deter problem behaviour and promote positive youth development
What are the 5 C’s of positive youth development?
competence confidence connection character caring/compassion
What are the key components to success of after school programming?
extent to which participants:
- volunteer their commitment
- placed in demanding roles
- encouraged to meet high expectations
- expected to take responsibility for behaviour
- helped to understand consequences of failing to fulfill obligation
adolescents must stick with the role in the face of challenges, youth benefit most when they persevere and derive a sense of accomplishment from their success
How has adolescent screen time use changed? What are the effects of this?
staying connected starts to take on qualities of addiction
spend nearly 9 hours or more each day using 1+ media
hard to say if extensive internet use has effected mental health
takes time away from sleep and physical activity which has detrimental effect on health
What are the 3 basic schools of thought considering media’s impact on adolescent development?
cultivation theory
uses and gratification approach
media practice model
What is the cultivation theory?
emphasizes impact media exposure has on individuals
adolescents’ knowledge about the world, attitudes and values, and behaviour are influenced by content to which they are exposed
ex. watching sexy movies makes adolescents horny
What is the uses and gratification approach?
emphasizes active role users play in selecting media to which they are exposed
any correlation between what adolescents are exposed to and what they do/think is not due to the influence of the media but due to the fact that individuals with particular inclinations choose media consistent with their interests
ex. teens more interested in sex more likely to look for porn on the internet
What is the media practice model?
emphasizes fact that adolescents not only choose what media they’re exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact
ex. 2 different adolescents stumble across sexually explicit website; a sexually experienced teenager who is curious views the website with interest, the other who isn’t interested in sex is repulsed by the content
What is the difference between correlation and casuation?
correlation = extent to which 2 things vary systematically with each other
causation = correlation between 2 things attributable to the effect one thing has on another
What is reverse causation?
correlation between 2 things due to the second thing causing the first
What common sex-related messages are displayed in the media?
men seeing women as objects
sex as defining aspect of masculinity, or as a competition, or as fun and exciting
absence of possible physical consequences of sex (pregnancy, STDs)
emphasize physical attractiveness and thinness among women
What are the results of increased social media use?
mixed and controversial results
doesn’t replace in person friendships
can promote self-disclosure and bring friends closer
can lead to developing excessive FOMO
socially rich get richer and socially poor get poorer
adolescents with depression more likely to use social media for social comparison
What are the 6 symptoms of internet addiction?
salience - most important thing in life
mood change - mood fluctuates with internet experience
tolerance -needing more and more internet time to feel satisfied
withdrawal - feeling negatively when being prevented from being online
conflict - internet has caused problems in relationships or other aspects of life
relapse and reinstatement - return to addictive internet behaviour after getting it under control
What is internet disorder?
internet use is pathological
difficult to determine cause and effect
receiving likes activates same brain regions as other rewards
parallels to other addictive disorders
