Chapter 7 - Work/Leisure Flashcards
What determines if adolescents work?
characteristics of young person
parental views about teen jobs
school and after-school commitments
laws and legislations
What are the U.S federal laws on age/hours worked?
employment begins at 14 (earlier in family business or agriculture)
age 14-15: 3 hours/school day, 8 hours/non-school day
- 40 hours/non-school week
age 16+ no hour limit
under 18 can’t work in a hazardous industry
What are the Canada Employment Standards Act (ESA) rules in Ontario?
14+ to work in most work places
15+ in restaurant kitchen, laundries, shipping/receiving in grocery stores, automotive service, produce and meat prep areas, and warehouses
no limits on hours of work for minors but no work during school hours
if being paid student wage, rate limit is 28 hours/week, above which they have to be paid regular minimum wage
What are some of the different minimum wages youth can be paid?
general minimum wage
student minimum wage
- up to 28 hours/week, less than general minimum wage
wilderness guide minimum wage
homeworkers minimum wage
What are some exemptions to minimum wage for students?
high school co-op work experience authorized by school does not have to be paid
college/university students performing work through school program do not have to be paid
students employed to instruct/supervise children or at camp for children have different wages
What are the working limitations on international students?
limited to 20 hours of work/week
April 2020 restriction temporarily lifted to help health care and other work places survive COVID-19, can work more hours if in an essential service
What is the average hours per week that Canadian adolescents work? What factors affect this stat?
14 hours/week
lower among adolescents born outside Canada
employment higher among middle and upper class youth - more contacts and access to transportation
those from small communities have easier time finding employment
How have adolescent employment rates changed with the economy?
late 1980s = strong Canadian economy, high # working youth
1990s = weakened economy, lower # working youth
2000+ = jobs scarce for adults and even more so for youth, “student work” taken by adults
2020/2021 = COVID-19 impact
What is the effect of low youth employment on education?
low youth employment -> low drop out rates -> higher education
What are some of the benefits of youth working?
independence higher status provides basis for new identities new expectations of responsibilities real world experience practical job skills lessons in punctuality, reliability exposure to peers/adults who provide new models of adult behaviour new reference groups financial independence money management
What trends surround co-op graduates?
increased employment
increased wage
decreased student loans
What is pre-mature affluence?
state of having excessive amounts of money to spend on one’s self that is not sustainable in adulthood
“discretionary income”
can be a bad thing; lead to increased drug use
How do young people spend their money?
majority on food and clothing
can either lead to independence, opportunity, and experiences, OR unrealistic expectations and future dissatisfaction
What are some possible negative impacts of working?
reduces time with family and peers reduces time for extracurriculars premature affluence exposure to negative models reduce time for homework/lower grades fatigue increased stress (dual demands of student worker)
How many hours SHOULD students be working?
20 hours
more impacts school performance, sleep, driving, and dropout rates
academic and behavioural problems mainly due to sleep deprivation
Are there effects of working in university/college?
12 hours/week = stronger grades
- requires discipline, time management
over 15 hours/week = more likely to drop out
- threshold where work starts to do more harm than good
- 15 or less = B or higher average
- over 15 = C or lower average
What are typical first few jobs of adolescence?
babysitter camp counsellor tutor pet sitter paper delivery landscaping grocery cashier/bagger fast food worker
What are some traits associated with most adolescent jobs in retail and service?
high turnover
low pay and low authority
simple, repetitive tasks
little/no training or skills
associated with negative consequences
- boring, dead end, few future prospects
What has research shown about jobs in high school?
less than 20% said their jobs gave them knowledge about topics they could use in school
school did not relate well to job needs
adolescent work completely disconnected from school
What did one Alberta study find on the role of part-time jobs in preparing for post-grad job market?
better prepared them than school
more people skills, job prep, business skills
volunteer work also helped
What did a California study find on the relationship between adolescent work and personal traits? (discrepancy)
students reported link between employment and being punctual, dependable, personally responsible, and self-reliant
BUT
employed youth more frequently late, poorer school performance, increased substance use, fewer contacts with family, and more cynical attitudes towards work
discrepancy!
How has adolescents free time changed?
compulsory schooling increased free time compared to long work hours each week
organized leisure now acts as supplement to school
How has marketing towards adolescents changed?
as they gained more autonomy and became consumers with discretionary income, marketing changed to target them
How do time use patterns change throughout school?
those who are busy early on tend to remain busy
busier adolescents better adjusted and more accomplished
