Chapter 6 - School Flashcards

Question

What is comprehensive high school?

Answer 1

educational institution that evolved during the first half of the 20th century, offered varied curriculum, and was designed to meet the needs of diverse population of adolescents added courses like music, family life, health, physical education, and more

Answer 2

act signed by George Bush that ensures all students regardless of economic circumstances achieve academic proficiency came from concern that inner-city schools were not producing graduates who could compete for high-skill jobs schools had to create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting results to the public underperforming schools given chance to improve by providing additional instruction/tutoring/special services continued failure -> reduced funding or forced closure

Answer 3

moving students to the next grade regardless of performance poor and ethnic minority youth especially being cheated out of good education and graduating without the skills necessary to succeed NCLB was supposed to fix this

Answer 4

states didn't have the resources to conduct assessments or respond to poor performance affects what takes place in the classroom - if a school's financial future depends only on test scores, why should teachers do anything other than teach to the test shift in focus towards testing leads away from longer assignments that improve self-control, persistence, critical thinking, determination, etc.

Answer 5

dominated the past 4 decades focus on policies to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a pre-determined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests Common Core again sounds good but problematic to implement

Answer 6

set of standards in English language arts and mathematics that schools across the country were expected to use to evaluate whether students were learning what they should in each grade

Answer 7

no agreeance on what knowledge/skills should be known economic, social, and political cost of holding students back if they fail - motivation to develop exams with low standards, defeats purpose

Answer 8

public schools given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices

Answer 9

government-subsidized vouchers that can be used to private school tuition

Answer 10

achievement gap between white and non-white youth nearly as large now as in the 60's just 10% of the countries high schools produce 50% of the countries drop outs, 1/3 of Black and Latino students attend these schools

Answer 11

personal and situational problems that few schools address administration impedes reform and innovation less sense of belonging at schools -> poor achievement erosion of job opportunities in inner-city communities -> little incentive to stay in school or devote great effort to academics

Answer 12

larger schools can offer more varied/specialized curriculum but student performance and interest in school improves when schools are less bureaucratic and more intimate - less attachment - schools within schools offer more sports and clubs, but actual participation rates are half that of smaller schools - easier to be on teams, student governments, and clubs in smaller schools more educational inequality in larger schools

Answer 13

subdivisions of the student body within large schools positive: development of better social environment negative: schools may vary considerably in educational quality

Answer 14

variations in class size don't affect achievement once adolescence has been reached EXCEPT in situations that call for highly individualized instruction

Answer 15

achievement is low in overcrowded schools - stress on both students and teachers - use of facilities for instruction that were not designed to serve as classrooms - inadequate resources many schools use portables but these units are constructed with materials harmful to physical health in combination with tight quarters and poor ventilation

Answer 16

decreases debate over whether this drop is due to transition itself or nature of the difference between elementary and high school - some think it is failure to meet particular developmental needs of young adolescents (more independence, fewer rules, and time to develop relationships)

Answer 17

temporarily disrupts academic performance, behaviour, and self-image more frequent changes -> lower achievement, higher emotional and behavioural problems

Answer 18

those with more academic and social problems before the transition cope less successfully with it can also work the other way: students with high social competence before the transition can become even more competent over the course of the change

Answer 19

boys ethnic minority students poor students

Answer 20

parental support and involvement

Answer 21

become larger and less personal less likely to trust students and more likely to emphasize discipline - mismatch between what students want (independence) and what their teachers provide (control) tend to believe that student's abilities are fixed and not easily modified with instruction - belief interferes with student achievement cultural stereotypes about adolescents also have negative influence on teachers' beliefs unsurprising that students experience drop in achievement motivation when entering middle/junior high school

Answer 22

practice of separating students into ability groups so they take classes with peers at the same level not done in all schools, and done differently among schools that do - inclusive - exclusive - meritocratic (accurately matches abilities)

Answer 23

more finely tune lessons to student abilities especially useful in high school where students must master certain basic skills before learning specialized subjects

Answer 24

students in remedial track receive different, and worse, education than those in more advanced tracks leads to socializing with only peers from the same academic group - polarizes student body into different subcultures that are often hostile towards each otehr discriminates against poor and ethnic minority students set into place educational trajectory that is difficult to change maintains income inequality

Answer 25

dyslexia - impaired reading dysgraphia - impaired hand writing dyscalculia - impaired arithmetic

Answer 26

integration of adolescents with intellectual handicaps into regular classroooms

Answer 27

males > females 1 in 5 school aged children is at risk

Answer 28

con: not tailored to meet specific needs and target educational and professional resources in a cost-effective way pro: avoids segregation of students that may foster social isolation and stigmatization - generally favoured over separate classrooms

Answer 29

reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers

Answer 30

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness, often in school situations at risk for social, behavioural, and substance abuse problems very strong genetic component and can be caused by brain damage prenatally or shortly after birth may be an extreme point on a continuum of hyperactivity and impulsivity rather than a distinct category

Answer 31

when the court found it to be unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race, many schools adopted measures to make schools more diverse students self esteem is higher when they are the ethnic majority - stronger feelings of attachment, engagement, and safety when more classmates in same ethnic group low income students do worse when attending schools that are more socioeconomically diverse

Answer 32

involvement in sport stereotypes around black boys that they are cool and tough so white boys admire them stereotypes around black girls is that they are loud and assertive, off-putting to white girls

Answer 33

interpersonal resources available to adolescent or family

Answer 34

larger, more impersonal environment other life changes (leaving home, breaking off relationships, managing own finances and residence) increased commitments to school and work

Answer 35

so expected society turns their back on those who don't go to college even though it is 1/3 of the population

Answer 36

dramatic growth in enrolment though a large number do not graduate