Chapter 8 Groups

Question 1

group also definition (3 types)

Answer 1

(affiliation network) social category with which people can affiliate
-membership (objective affiliation
-activity (participation)
- identification (subjective identification)

Question 2

voluntary associations

Answer 2

(common interest group) groups with organizational structure and which serve the common interest of those who are affiliated (sport club, political organization, church)

Question 3

civil society

Answer 3

society consisting of a cohesive web of voluntary associations

Question 4

social cohesion(3 types)

Answer 4

personal network, organizational and intergroup (degree to which (members of different) groups in society have positive relations with each other as oppossed to negative relations

Question 5

intergroup cohesion (4 areas)

Answer 5

group segregation , intergroup attitudes, intergroup trust, cooperation and solidarity, intergroup aggression and conflict

Question 6

group segregation

Answer 6

study friendships, marriages and cohabition and other types of positive social ties between people or different groups (group bonding/bridging ties, endogamy/exogamy)

Question 7

group segregation index

Answer 7

group bonding ties/group bonding ties+ group bridging ties

Question 8

causes of group segregation

Answer 8

constraint (structural opportunity), choice (homophily), transivity/third party theory

Question 9

structural opportunity theory

Answer 9

(Blau) struct opp-group segregation
meeting chances-social ties
Opportunites: 1) group size 2) consilidation
- different foci

Question 10

homophily

Answer 10

similarity based preferences 1) easier in terms of coordination of action 2) psychologically rewarding

Question 11

evidences group segregation

Answer 11

1) indirect evidence (revealed preference) 2) direct (stated preference ex. dating)

Question 12

transivity

Answer 12

the fact that your connections tend to know each other ass well

Question 13

third party theory

Answer 13

there are other actors that interfere with the relationship between 2 persons (formal and informal) (application of social control theory)

Question 14

intergroup attitudes

Answer 14

the subjective distances between members of different groups (people’s positive/negative feelings about their own group and about other groups)

Question 15

ethnocentrism

Answer 15

people have tendency to hold positive attitudes towards their ethnic group than toward other groups

Question 16

minimal group paradigm

Answer 16

( studies which reveal that arbitrarily (chance impuls) created groups which have no interaction between members already reveal in-group favoritism)

Question 17

reasons intergroup trust and attitudes

Answer 17

social identity theory= part of your self-concept corresponding to group identification (unsatisfied 1) leave group of make group more positively distinct)

Question 18

in group favoritism

Answer 18

tendency that people have more positive in-group relationships than out-group relationships, as observed in research on intra/intergroup

Question 19

group threat theory

Answer 19

the more actual competition between groups, the weaker their intergroup cohesion (robbers cave experiment)
contingent social conditions- actual group competition- intergroup cohesion
perceived group competition- perceived group threat

Question 20

reasons group threat (2) e

Answer 20

economic (scarcity) and cultural (distance) difference norms, values behaviours