Chapter 6 Norms

Question 1

Social norm

Answer 1

Informal, normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do (made in groups)

Question 2

opbouw norms

Answer 2

descriptive en injunctive (moral, informal,formal)

Question 3

social control theory

Answer 3

people adhere to social norms because of social (and external) sanctions and social approval, effective when they are monitored

Question 4

internalized norms

Answer 4

(moral norms) norms that has become part of people’s intrinsic set of things one should do or prefer to do

Question 5

value

Answer 5

things that people want and appreciate

Question 6

internal sanction

Answer 6

feeling of shame and guilt and bad conscience resulting from deviation from internalized norms

Question 7

habitus

Answer 7

behavioral descriptions based on cognition, moral norms, values and cultural scripts

Question 8

legal norms

Answer 8

(laws) formal, normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do

Question 9

formal sanction

Answer 9

punishment for behavior diverging from social norms

Question 10

Why do norms emerge

Answer 10

1) cooperation 2) coordination problem

Question 11

cooperation problem and solution

Answer 11

certain condition in which rational self-interest behavior results in collective problems ( because of dominant strategy) (free ride) solution; injunctive norms

Question 12

injunctive norms

Answer 12

normative statement specifying what a person should do or not

Question 13

dominant strategy

Answer 13

favourable strategy to choose irrespective of what other people do

Question 14

free ride

Answer 14

type of behavior in which one prefers one personal gains above interest of the group

Question 15

public good

Answer 15

good that serves collective benefits such as national safety en environmental protection (therefore legal norms)

Question 16

coordination problem and solution

Answer 16

certain condition in which people want to do the same thing, but are uncertain about the behavior of each other (no sanctioning/free-ride) solution; descriptive norms

Question 17

descriptive norms

Answer 17

statement specifying what a person is expected to do (ways greeting, driving on right side)

Question 18

top down changes

Answer 18

exogenously (state actions)

Question 19

bottom up changes

Answer 19

endogenous (repeated interactions individuals, which becomes self-enforcing)

Question 20

Cultural maladaption

Answer 20

the existence of norms/opinions, which do not fit in the social environment well (can erode quickly by speaking up, however sometimes become more stable due to false enforcement)

Question 21

unpopular opinion and reasons

Answer 21

norm which is not serving collective benefit , pluralistic ignorance and cultural inertia

Question 22

cultural inertia

Answer 22

time-lag between changing social conditions and adapting new norms and opinions

Question 23

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 23

situation in which the majority of people privately reject a certain norm, but incorrectly believe that others privately support the norm (no correspondence between private pref and public behavior)

Question 24

bystander effect

Answer 24

phenomen in which people are less likely to help other people in a critical situation when passive bystanders are present (think that one is expected not to interfere)

Question 25

spiral of silence

Answer 25

people’s tendency to remain silent and not express their private preferences whey they believe that their private preferences deviate from the majority’s preferences (ex communist system east germany)

Question 26

Trickle down theory

Answer 26

1) there are multiple groups in society and these groups differ in their descriptive norms (habits, conventions, customs) 2) groups are hierarcically ordered (different social standing and prestige) 3) descriptive norms are symbolic expressions of group identity 4) higher status groups invent new descriptive norms to symbolically differentiate themselves from lower status groups 5) lower status groups imitate these new descriptive norms to symbolically associate themselves with high status groups 6) the more strongly lower status groups adopted the high status descriptive norms, the less attractive these descriptive norms are to high-status groups, resulting in new inventions
(within group coordination, between groups distinctions)

Question 27

The civilizing process (Elias)

Answer 27

Standars were set gradually higher for good behavior