Chapter 8: Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics Flashcards
Food is composed of which three compounds?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
What is the high-energy compound used by the body to do work?
ATP
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
What is the name of the stored form of glucose?
Glycogen
What is the ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?
The point at which the body switches to using carbs to provide at least half the fuel for the exercise
What is the ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)?
The point at which the body shifts almost entirely to using carbs for fuel
What substrate provides nearly all energy for activity at and above VT2?
Glucose
What are triglycerides?
The stored form of fat
If someone specifically wanted to burn a lot of fat (not necessarily total calories), what type of exercise should they do?
Low to moderate intensity exercises for30 to 60 minutes
How many calories are in 1 pound of body fat?
About 3,500
What are the building blocks of body proteins?
Amino Acids
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that must be consumed because they cannot be created by the body
What are nonessential amino acids?
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body if overall nutrition intake is adequate
Before amino acids can be used to make ATP, what process do they have to go through?
Gluconeogenesis
What are the 3 ketone bodies?
Acetone, aceoacetate, beta-hydrocybutyrate
What dietary condition would produce nutritional ketosis in the body?
A very low-carb diet
What are the components of ATP?
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
When ADP is converted to ATP, what is this process called?
Phosphorarylation
What are the three pathways through which the body can produce ATP?
The ATP=PC system, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation
If someone engages in a short, intense burst of activity lasting less than 30 seconds, which energy system will contribute the most ATP production?
The ATP-PC system
If someone were performing repeated sprints with each sprint lasting between 30 and 90 seconds, which energy system would be contributing the most to ATP production during this activity?
Glycolysis
If someone went out for a 5-mile jog with their friend, which energy system would provide most of the ATP for this activity?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
When glucose is broken down via glycolysis, what molecule is created that could also be oxidized under aerobic conditions?
Pyruvate
If pyruvate is being created via glycolysis faster than oxygen can be delivered to the muscle, what will happen to the pyruvate?
The pyruvate will be converted to lactate.
What is acidosis in muscle?
A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue
What is the process called that prepares fatty acid substrates to enter the citric acid cycle?
Beta-oxidation
Before carbs, fats, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?
Acetyl CoA
What does the electron transport chain (ETC) do?
The ETC uses a hydrogen gradient to create ATP.
What are the end products of the electron transport chain?
ATP and water
What two factors define any form or type of exercise?
Intensity and duration
What is defined as steady-state exercise?
Aerobic exercise performed at a constant intensity
What is excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
EPOC is the increase in aerobic metabolism above baseline that occurs for a period after exercise.
What breathing change occurs at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)?
Expiration becomes more forceful.
What is the definition of energy balance?
When daily food intake is matched to energy needs
What contributes the most to the total calories burned in a day?
Resting Metabolic Rate
What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
RMR is the number of calories that the body uses at rest to function
Which nutrient has the highest thermic effect?
Protein
Why is non exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) important?
NEAT can be protective against obesity.
What is bioenergetics?
The study of the ways in which food is turned into energy
What is kilocalorie (kcal)?
The amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. It is also the same thing as 1 food calorie.
What is the term for the higher-than-normal energy expenditure during the recovery period after exercise?
Excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
A client plants to go for a 10-mile run, but they become fatigues after 7 miles, so they stop. What is the most likely cause of this fatigue?
Glycogen stores were exhausted.
