Chapter 8: Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics

Question 1

Food is composed of which three compounds?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 2

What is the high-energy compound used by the body to do work?

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Answer 3

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

Question 4

What is the name of the stored form of glucose?

Answer 4

Glycogen

Question 5

What is the ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?

Answer 5

The point at which the body switches to using carbs to provide at least half the fuel for the exercise

Question 6

What is the ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)?

Answer 6

The point at which the body shifts almost entirely to using carbs for fuel

Question 7

What substrate provides nearly all energy for activity at and above VT2?

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

What are triglycerides?

Answer 8

The stored form of fat

Question 9

If someone specifically wanted to burn a lot of fat (not necessarily total calories), what type of exercise should they do?

Answer 9

Low to moderate intensity exercises for30 to 60 minutes

Question 10

How many calories are in 1 pound of body fat?

Answer 10

About 3,500

Question 11

What are the building blocks of body proteins?

Answer 11

Amino Acids

Question 12

What are essential amino acids?

Answer 12

Amino acids that must be consumed because they cannot be created by the body

Question 13

What are nonessential amino acids?

Answer 13

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body if overall nutrition intake is adequate

Question 14

Before amino acids can be used to make ATP, what process do they have to go through?

Answer 14

Gluconeogenesis

Question 15

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

Answer 15

Acetone, aceoacetate, beta-hydrocybutyrate

Question 16

What dietary condition would produce nutritional ketosis in the body?

Answer 16

A very low-carb diet

Question 17

What are the components of ATP?

Answer 17

Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

Question 18

When ADP is converted to ATP, what is this process called?

Answer 18

Phosphorarylation

Question 19

What are the three pathways through which the body can produce ATP?

Answer 19

The ATP=PC system, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

If someone engages in a short, intense burst of activity lasting less than 30 seconds, which energy system will contribute the most ATP production?

Answer 20

The ATP-PC system

Question 21

If someone were performing repeated sprints with each sprint lasting between 30 and 90 seconds, which energy system would be contributing the most to ATP production during this activity?

Answer 21

Glycolysis

Question 22

If someone went out for a 5-mile jog with their friend, which energy system would provide most of the ATP for this activity?

Answer 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 23

When glucose is broken down via glycolysis, what molecule is created that could also be oxidized under aerobic conditions?

Answer 23

Pyruvate

Question 24

If pyruvate is being created via glycolysis faster than oxygen can be delivered to the muscle, what will happen to the pyruvate?

Answer 24

The pyruvate will be converted to lactate.

Question 25

What is acidosis in muscle?

Answer 25

A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue

Question 26

What is the process called that prepares fatty acid substrates to enter the citric acid cycle?

Answer 26

Beta-oxidation

Question 27

Before carbs, fats, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?

Answer 27

Acetyl CoA

Question 28

What does the electron transport chain (ETC) do?

Answer 28

The ETC uses a hydrogen gradient to create ATP.

Question 29

What are the end products of the electron transport chain?

Answer 29

ATP and water

Question 30

What two factors define any form or type of exercise?

Answer 30

Intensity and duration

Question 31

What is defined as steady-state exercise?

Answer 31

Aerobic exercise performed at a constant intensity

Question 32

What is excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 32

EPOC is the increase in aerobic metabolism above baseline that occurs for a period after exercise.

Question 33

What breathing change occurs at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)?

Answer 33

Expiration becomes more forceful.

Question 34

What is the definition of energy balance?

Answer 34

When daily food intake is matched to energy needs

Question 35

What contributes the most to the total calories burned in a day?

Answer 35

Resting Metabolic Rate

Question 36

What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?

Answer 36

RMR is the number of calories that the body uses at rest to function

Question 37

Which nutrient has the highest thermic effect?

Answer 37

Protein

Question 38

Why is non exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) important?

Answer 38

NEAT can be protective against obesity.

Question 39

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 39

The study of the ways in which food is turned into energy

Question 40

What is kilocalorie (kcal)?

Answer 40

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. It is also the same thing as 1 food calorie.

Question 41

What is the term for the higher-than-normal energy expenditure during the recovery period after exercise?

Answer 41

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Question 42

A client plants to go for a 10-mile run, but they become fatigues after 7 miles, so they stop. What is the most likely cause of this fatigue?

Answer 42

Glycogen stores were exhausted.