Chapter 5: The Nervous, Muscular, Skeletal systems Flashcards
Human Movement is accomplished through the functional integration of three systems within the human body: the nervous system, the skeletal system, and what other system?
Muscular
What is the concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement?
Kinetic Chain
Calcium is often associated with bone health, but why is it also important for muscular function?
It stimulates actin and myosin activity.
What best describes the all or nothing principle?
A motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all.
What is the name of the specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries?
Type 1
Which part of a cell is responsible for using nutrients to create energy for the cell?
Mitochondria
One of the two interdependent divisions of the nervous system is the central nervous system. What is the second division?
Peripheral nervous system
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
What is the primary purpose of the peripheral nervous system?
To connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Which system supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body?
Autonomic nervous system
When a client’s heart rate is raised during cardio activities, this is being caused by which system?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which system puts the body into a relaxed state, termed rest and digest?
Parasympathetic nervous system
When a gymnast balances on a beam, they are aware of their body’s general orientation and the relative position of its parts. This is due to which key sensory function?
Proprioception
A person walks differently when they move from a sidewalk onto the sand. This is regulated by what function?
Motor function
Which mechanoreceptor is sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change, causing the muscle to relax, which prevents muscle from excessive stress and possible injury?
Golgi tendon organs
At what age is the adolescent brain considered to be fully developed?
25
Humans can learn new things at any stage of life, duo to which process that causes the brain to reform neural pathways?
Nueroplasticity
Which type of muscle fiber is predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force and power, such as a sprint?
Type 2
What is explained by the sliding filament theory?
The shortening of a sarcomere to produce a muscle contraction
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial and appendicular
Which division of the skeleton is made up of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle?
Appendicular
What is the process by which bone is constantly renewed?
Remodeling
Weight-bearing exercise helps strengthen bones through what process?
Remodeling
What are two components of a sarcomere?
Actin and myosin
What is a characteristic of a type 2 muscle fiber?
Short-term contractions
What is the bone type of the clavicle, radius, and ulna?
Long
What is a characteristic of a type 1 muscle fiber?
Less force production
What are the two categories of bone markings?
Depressions and processes
What is the function of the neuromuscular junction?
The site where the nervous system and muscle fibers communicate
What is the name for projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments attach?
Processes
Which of the following protein structures is important for muscular contractions by providing a binding site?
Troponin
What is the correct order of segments for the spine, starting at the top?
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs?
They act as shock absorbers.
What term describes the movement of bones, such as flexion and extension?
What is the functional unit of a muscle cell?
A sarcomere
Which types of joints are most associated with human movement?
Synovial
Which type of joint has the simplest movement, moving either back and forth or side to side?
Noaxial
Which type of joint is the most mobile, able to move in all three directions?
Ball and socket
Which type of joint includes the sutures of the skull?
Nonsynovial
What is the fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone?
Ligament
At what age is total peak bone mass reached?
30
What are the three types of muscles in the body?
Skeletal, Cardiac, and smooth.
What surrounds the skeletal muscles and connects them to other surrounding muscles?
Fascia
What is the correct order of fascia, starting with the most superficial?
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn?
A Sprain
What is the term for the chemical messengers that cross the synapse between the neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission?
Neurotransmitters
Which characteristic is exhibited by type 1 muscle fibers?
Slow to fatigue
What activity is especially beneficial for combating the loss of muscle mass, power, and strength for aging adults?
Resistance Training
