Chapter 6: The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive System Flashcards
Which system is comprised of the airways and lungs?
Respiratory
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to provide the body with what gas?
Oxygen
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to remove what waste product?
Carbon Dioxide
What area of the chest contains the heart?
Mediastinum
What is the primary muscle type of the heart?
Cardiac
Which heart chamber gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava veins?
Right Atrium
Which heart chamber gathers oxygenated blood coming to the heart from the lungs?
Left Atrium
Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs?
Right Ventricle
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the body?
Left Ventricle
What would be considered a normal resting heart rate for a healthy sedentary person?
80 beats per minute
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
What is end-diastolic volume?
The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction
What is end-systolic volume?
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction
The difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes is referred to as what?
Stroke Volume
Where in the heart is the sinoatrial node located?
Right Atrium
What structure in the heart transfers the electrical signal from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the atrioventricular (AV) node?
Internal pathway
What anatomical heart structure is referred to as “the pacemaker of the heart”?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
What changes would lead to an increase in cardiac output during exercise?
Increased heart rate and stoke volume
What mechanism is responsible for increasing the rate of heart conduction?
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Which component of the blood is primarily responsible for clotting mechanisms?
Platelets
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygenated blood throughout the body?
Red Blood Cells
What type of vessel is responsible for carrying blood back to the heart?
Veins
What term is used to describe the premise that increased ventricular filling improves contractile force of the heart as a result of greater stretch of cardiac fibers?
Frank Starling Law of the Heart
What blood pressure values would be classifies as normal according to the American Heart Association?
Systolic < 120 and Diastolic < 80
What muscle is responsible for normal resting state (quite) breathing?
Diaphragm
The process of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in and out of the bloodstream occurs in what structures?
Alveolar sacs
What component of breathing improves blood flow back to the heart?
Inspiration with a decrease in a intrathoracic pressure
What is a normal respiratory rate for an adult during rest?
15 breaths per minute
Describe the pathway for hormones secreted by the endocrine system
The gland secretes the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to reach a target cell, where it builds to a receptor and influences a particular action.
Which endocrine gland serves as a communication channel between the brain and pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
What hormone has an anabolic function and has been shown to increase up to 48 hours following resistance training?
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
What hormone, if increased at baseline, may be indicative of overtraining?
Cortisol
What type of training would most likely lead to increased levels of testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and growth hormone?
Overload training that is of a high intensity with limited rest periods
What effect would sleep deprivation have on growth hormone and cortisol levels?
Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and increase cortisol levels.
Catecholamines are responsible for what action?
Increased lipolysis
How would age and overall health affect testosterone levels among men?
A reduction in testosterone levels occurs with age, and overall health may affect the degree of change.
What process describes the passage of digested food into the blood system to be processed for energy, nutrients, and tissue building?
Absorption
Food in the stomach is processed and then passed into what anatomical structure?
Duodenum of the small intestine
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorption of nutrients, water and passage of waste into the rectum
Where in the digestive system are most fluids absorbed?
Small intestine
What are two ways to best improve the timely passage of food through the intestinal tracts and prevent constipation?
Ensure adequate water intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of both aerobic and resistance training
How can basal metabolic rate (BMR) best be defined?
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest
