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Cognition > Chapter 8: Everyday Memory And Memory Errors > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Everyday Memory And Memory Errors Flashcards

1
Q

Autobiographical Memory (AM)

A

Memory for specific experiences from our life

- Mental time travel
- Multidimensional- spatial, emotional, and sensory components

*We remember some events in our live better than others

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2
Q

Linton’s Diary Study

A

Wrote 2 most important things of day for 6 years

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3
Q

Waganaar’s Beeper Study

A

Assistant randomly beeped him and he had to write down everything about what he was doing in moment

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4
Q

Rubin’s VLTM

A

Very long-term memory

-Recall cues increased response, but decreased primary effect

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5
Q

Cabeza and coworkers (2004)

A
  • Comparing brain activation caused by autobiographical memory and lab memory
  • Participants viewed
    • Photographs they took (own photons): more activation in PFC and hippocampus
    • Photographs taken by someone else (lab-photos)

*Medial temporal lobe- episodic memory

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6
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A

Empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their life

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7
Q

Explanations for the reminiscence bump

A
  • Self-image
  • Cognitive
  • Cultural life script
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8
Q

Self-image hypothesis

A

Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed
- Period of assuming person’s self-image

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9
Q

Cognitive hypothesis

A

Encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability

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10
Q

Cultural Life Script

A

Life events that commonly occur in particular culture

- Personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script

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11
Q

Cultural Life Script Hypothesis

A

Distinguishes between person’s life story and cultural life script

  • Each person has
    • personal life story
    • understanding of culturally expected events
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12
Q

Youth Bias

A

Tendency for most notable public event in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when person is young

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13
Q

“Fragile Power”

A
  • Forgetting:
    • Transience
    • Absent-mindedness
    • Blocking
  • Distortion
    • Misattribution
    • Suggestibility
    • Bias
  • Intrusive
    • Persistence
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14
Q

Transience

A

Decreased accessibility of information over time

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15
Q

Absent-Mindedness

A

Inattentiveness leading to shallow processing and weak memory formation due to lack of attention to the task at hand

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16
Q

Blocking

A

Information that has been stored in your memory is not accessible at that moment in time

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17
Q

Misattribution

A

Matching the incorrect source to a recollection or an idea

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18
Q

Suggestibility

A

Memories that come from leading questions or ideas as a results of trying to recall a specific experience

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19
Q

Bias

A

Retrospective changes to past memories due to current beliefs that affect the memory itself even though it had little impact when the memory originally occurred

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20
Q

Persistence

A

Memories that we can’t get rid of even if we try to

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21
Q

Neisser and Harsch (1992)

A

Repeated recall
- Initial description: baseline

Results suggest that these memories can be inaccurate or lacking in detail

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22
Q

Emotional Events

A
  • more easily and vividly remembered
  • emotion improves memory, becomes greater with time
  • activity in amygdala
  • tendency to attend to weapon during a crime
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23
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A
  • Memory for the circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events
  • Highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed
  • Not “photograph” memories
    • Can change with passage of time
  • Repeated recall
  • Results suggest that these memories can be inaccurate or lacking in detail
  • Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
24
Q

Repeated Recall

A

Recall is tested immediately after an events and then retested at various times after event

25
Q

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

A

Idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them
- Repeated viewing/ hearing of event

  • TV, newspaper, radio, talking with others
  • Could introduce errors in own memory
26
Q

Constructive Nature of Memory

A

What actually happens+person’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations

  • Bartlett’s “war of ghosts” experiment
    • Had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture
    • Repeated reproduction
  • Results
    • Over time, reproduction became shorter, contained omissions and inaccuracies
    • Changes to make story more consistent with own culture
27
Q

Repeated Reproduction

A

Method of measuring memory in which person is asked to reproduce stimulus on repeated occasions at longer and longer intervals after original presentation of material to be remembered

28
Q

Source Monitoring Error

A

Misidentifying source of memory

29
Q

Cryptomeria

A

Unconscious plagiarism

30
Q

Source Misattribution

A

Occurs when source of memory is misidentified

31
Q

Illusory Truth Effect

A
  • Enhances probability of evaluating statement is true after repeated presentation
  • Occur due to fluency or familiarity with the information
32
Q

Fluency

A

Ease with which a statement can be remembered

33
Q

Making Inferences

A
  • Memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on their experiences and knowledge
  • Pragmatic inferences
34
Q

Pragmatic Inferences

A

Inference that occurs when reading/hearing statement leads person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by statement

35
Q

Schema

A

Person’s knowledge about what is involved in particular experience

36
Q

Script

A

Type of schema

- Conception of sequence of actions that describe particular activity

37
Q

Schemas and scripts influence memory

A
  • Memory can include information not actually experienced by inferred because it is expected and consistent with the schema
  • Constructive nature of memory can lead to error or “false memories”
38
Q

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

A

Autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any specific day from past

39
Q

Nostalgia

A

Memory that involved sentimental affection for past

40
Q

Music-Enhanced Autobiographical Memories (MEAMS)

A

Autobiographical memories elicited by hearing music

41
Q

Proust Effect

A

Taste and olfaction unlocked memories he hadn’t thought of for years

42
Q

Power of Suggestion

A
  • Misinformation effect
  • Words used affects memory
  • Source monitoring error
43
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event
- Misleading post event information (MPI)

44
Q

Misleading postevent information (MPI)

A

Misleading info that causes misinformation effect

45
Q

Repressed Childhood Memory

A

Memories that have been pushed out of a person’s consciousness

46
Q

Source monitoring error

A
  • Failure to distinguish source of information
  • MPI misattributed to original source
  • Lindsay (1990)
47
Q

Lindsay (1990)

A
  • Heard a story: 2 days later again with some details changed
  • Told to ignore changes
  • Same voice for both stories created source monitoring errors
  • Changing voice (male to female) did not create as many errors
48
Q

False Memories: Hyman and coworkers (1995)

A
  • Participants’ parents gave descriptions of childhood experiences
  • Participant had conversation about experiences with experimenter, experimenter added new events
  • When discussing it later, participant “remembered” the new events as actually happening
49
Q

Errors in Eyewitness Testimony

A
  • One of most convincing types of evidence to a jury
  • Like other memory, eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate
  • Confidence in one’s memories may be increased by postevent questioning
  • May make memories easier to retrieve
50
Q

Eyewitness Testimony

A

Testimony by witnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of crime

51
Q

Acceptance of Eyewitness Testimony

A
  1. Eyewitness was clearly able to see what happened
  2. Eyewitness was able to remember his/ her observations and translate them into accurate description of perpetrator and what happened
52
Q

Weapon Focus Effect

A

Tendency for eyewitnesses to crime to focus on weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening

53
Q

Post Identification Feedback Effect

A

Increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification

54
Q

Strategies to improve eyewitness testimony

A
  • Inform witness that perpetrator might not be in lineup
  • Use “filler” in lineup similar to suspect
  • Use sequential presentation (not simultaneous)
  • Improve interviewing techniques
    • Cognitive Interview
55
Q

Cognitive Interview

A

Procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves witness talk with minimum interruption

Cognition (11 decks)

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