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Cognition > Chapter 5: Short-Term And Working Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Short-Term And Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A
  • Processing involved in retaining, retrieving and using info about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills adter original info is no longer present
  • Active any time some past experience has effect on way you think or behave now or in future
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2
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Initial stage that holds all incoming info for seconds (or fractions of seconds)

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3
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Memory mechanisms that can hold limited amount of info for brief period of time

-Holds 5-7 items for 15-20 seconds

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4
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Large amounts of info for years- decades

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5
Q

Control Processes

A

Active processes that can be controlled by person and that may differ from one task to another

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6
Q

Rehearsal

A

Process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for purpose of remembering

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

Remembering info stored in LTM

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8
Q

Encoding

A

Process of storing info in LTM

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9
Q

Persistence of vision

A

Continued perception of visual stimulus

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10
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual stimuli that lasts for fraction of second after stimulus is extinguished

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11
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory stimuli that lasts for fraction of second after stimulus is extinguished

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12
Q

Whole Report Method

A

Participants were instructed to report all stimuli they saw in brief presentation

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13
Q

Partial Report Method

A

Participants were instructued to report only some of stimuli in briefly presented display

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14
Q

Delayed Partial Report Method

A

Partial report method with cue tone that was delayed for fraction of second after display was extinguished

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15
Q

Decays

A

Process by which info is lost from memory due to passage of time

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16
Q

Recall

A

Subjects asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

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17
Q

Brown and Peterson

A

Distractor tasks
Confounded vs decay
STM lasts 15-20s

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18
Q

Waugh and Norman

A

16 letter
Report only some with auditory cue
Time vs Intervening digits

Interference is reason we lose information

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19
Q

Sternberg

A

How do we search STM?

  • Serial (STM) vs Parallel (LTM)
  • Exhaustive (STM) vs Terminating (LTM)
20
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small units into larger ones, such as when individual words are combined into meaningful sentence
- Used to increase capacity of memory

21
Q

Digit Span

A

Number of digits a person can remember

  • Ericsson and coworkers (1980)- chunking digits into meaningful units
22
Q

Central Executive

A
  • Part of working memory that coordiates activity of phological loop and visuospatial sketch pad
    • “Traffic cop”- working memory system
23
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Verbal and auditory information

- Phonological Store
- Articulatory Rehearsal Process
24
Q

Phonological Store

A

Holds limited amount fo verbal and auditory info for few seconds

25
Q

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

A

rehearsal process involved in working memory that keeps items in phonological store from decaying

26
Q

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

A

Visual and spatial information

27
Q

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model takes into account:

A
  • Dynamic processes involved in cognitions such as understanding language and doing math problems
  • Fact that people can carry out two tasks simultaneously
28
Q

Working Memory

A

Limited capacity system for temporrary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

29
Q

Phonological Loop

A
  • Phological Similarity Effect
  • Word Length Effect
  • Articulatory Suppression Effect
  • Unattended Speech Effect
30
Q

Phonological Similarity Effect

A

An effect that occurs when letter or words that sound similar are confused

Ex. T vs P

31
Q

Word Length Effect

A

Notion that it is more difficult to remember list of long words than list of short words

32
Q

Articulatort Suppression Effect

A

Interference with operation of phonological loop that occurs when a person repeats an irrelevant word

Ex. Repeating ‘the’ while carrying out task that requires phonological loop

33
Q

Visual Imagery

A

Types of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experiences in absence of visual stimulus

34
Q

Mental Rotation

A

Rotating an image of an object in the mind

35
Q

The Central Executive

A
  • acts as the attention controller- executive attention
  • controls suppression of irrelevant information
  • perseveration
36
Q

Persevaration

A

Difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person’s ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking

  • repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal
  • prefrontal cortex damage
37
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Holds info longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad

  • Backup store—> communicates with multiple memory systems
38
Q

Funahashi

A

Singel cell recordings from monkey’s prefrontal cortex during delayed-response task

39
Q

Delayed-Response Task

A

Task in which info is provided, a delay is imposed, and then memory is tested

- Used to study short-term memory by testing monkeys ability to hold info about location of food reward during delay
40
Q

Working Memory and the Brain

A
  • Neurons responses when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay
  • Information remains available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing
41
Q

Working Memory and Neural Dynamics: Stokes

A

Information is stored in short-term changes in neural networks

42
Q

Activity-silent working memory

A

Short-term changes in neural network connectivity that has been hypothesized as mechanism for holding info in working memory

  • Activity state
  • Synaptic state
43
Q

Cognitive Control

A

Set of functions, which allow people to regulate their behavior and attentional resources and to resist the temptation to give in to impulses

44
Q

Reading Span Test

A

Test used by Daneman and Carpenter to measure reading span

45
Q

Reading Span

A

Determine individual differences in working memory

  • 13-16 word sentences that person can read and them correctly remember last words of all sentences

Cognition (11 decks)

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