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Cognition > Chapter 11: Language > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Language Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A
  • System of communication using sounds or symbols

- Express feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences

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2
Q

Hierarchical System

A

Components that can be combined to form larger units

- Words—> phrases—>sentences—>story

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3
Q

Rule-based Nature of Language

A

Idea that there are rules in language that specify permissible ways for arranging words and phrases
- Language is governed by rules

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4
Q

Universality of Language

A
  • Deaf children invent sign language that is all their own
  • Pidgin/ creole languages
  • All humans with normal capacities develop a language and learn to follow its complex rules
  • Language is universal across cultures
  • Language development is similar across cultures
  • Languages are “unique but the same”
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5
Q

Pidgin languages

A

2 non-overlapping languages are forced together to communicate
- Not as many grammatical rules

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6
Q

Creole language

A

Next generation of Pidgin, but have rules of grammar

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7
Q

B.F. Skinner- Verbal Behavior

A

Language learned through reinforcement

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8
Q

Noam Chomsky- Syntactic Structures

A
  • Human language coded in the genes
  • Underlying basis of all language is similar
  • Children produce sentences they have never heard and that have never been reinforced
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9
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

Discover physiological process by which humans acquire and process language
- Field concerned with psychological study of language

  • Comprehension
  • Speech production
  • Representation
  • Acquisition
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10
Q

Comprehension

A

How do people understand spoken and written language

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11
Q

Speech production

A

How do people produce language

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12
Q

Representation

A

How is language represented in mind

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

How do people learn language

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14
Q

Lexicon

A

Person’s knowledge of what words mean, how they sound, and how they are used in relation to other words

  • All words a person understands= “mental dictionary”
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15
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of language (words and sentences)

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16
Q

Lexical Semantics

A

Meaning of words

  • Each word has one or more meaning
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17
Q

Word Frequency

A

Relative usage of words in particular language

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18
Q

Word Frequency Effect

A

Demonstrates how past experiences with words influences our ability to access their meaning

- we respond faster to high-frequency words
- Rayner and Duffy fixation and gaze times
- Eye movements while reading
- Look at low-frequency words longer
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19
Q

Lexical Decision Task

A

Task is to decide as quickly as possible whether strings of letters are words or non words

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20
Q

Variable Word Pronuniciation

A

Use context to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations

Ex. “Didjoo?”, “Gonna”

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21
Q

Speech Segmentation

A
  • Perception of individual words even though there are no silences between spoken words
  • Context
  • Understanding of meaning (known vs unknown language)
  • Understanding of sounds and syntactic rules
  • Statistical learning
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22
Q

Lexical Ambiguity

A

When a word can have more than one meaning

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23
Q

Lexical Priming

A

Priming that involves meaning of words

  • Tarenhaus: N-N condition and V-N condition
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24
Q

Parsing

A

Mentally groups the words into phrases

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25
Q

Garden Path Sentences

A

Sentences that begin by appearing to mean one thing, but then end up meaning something else

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26
Q

Temporary Ambiguity

A

When the initial words are ambiguous, but the meaning is made clear by the end of the sentence

27
Q

Meaning Dominance

A

Some meanings of words occur more frequently than others

28
Q

Biased Dominance

A

When a word has more than one meaning, and one meaning is more likely

29
Q

Balanced Dominance

A

When a word has more than one meaning and all meanings are equally likely

30
Q

The garden path model of parsing

A

Model of parsing that emphasizes syntactic principles as major determinant of parsing

- Listeners used heuristics (rules) to group words into phrases
- Grammatical structure of sentence determines parsing
- Late closure
31
Q

Heuristics

A

A “rule of thumb” that provides a best-guess solution to problem

32
Q

Late Closure

A

Parser assumes new word is part of current phrase

33
Q

Constraint-based approach to parsing

A

Approach to parsing that proposes that semantics, syntax, and other factors operate simultaneously to determine parsing

Combines:

  • Syntax
  • Word meaning
  • Story context
  • Memory load
    • Subject-relative and object-relative sentence construction
34
Q

Subject-Relative Construction

A

Sentence construction in which subject of main clause is also subject in embedded clause

35
Q

Object-Relative Construction

A

Sentence construction in which subject of main clause is object in embedded clause

36
Q

Tabenhaus and Trueswell (1995)

A
  • Visual word paradigm, the context of a scene
  • Eye movements change when info suggests revision of interpretation of sentence is necessary
  • Linguistic and nonlinguistic information used simulataneously
37
Q

Visual World Paradigm

A

In experiments an language processing, determine how subjects are processing info in a scene as they respond to specific instructions related to scene

38
Q

Nonlinguistic information

A

Info provided by scene

39
Q

Inferences

A

In language, process by which readers create info that is not explicitly stated in text

40
Q

Narrative

A

Story that progresses from one event to another

41
Q

Coherence

A

Representation of text or story in reader’s mind so that info in me part of text/story is related to info in another part

42
Q

Anaphoric Inference

A

An inference that connects an object or person in another sentence

43
Q

Instrument Inference

A

An inference about tools/ methods that occur while reading text or listening to speech

44
Q

Causal Inference

A

Inference that results in conclusion that events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events in previous clause/ sentence

45
Q

Situation Model

A

Mental representation of what text is about

46
Q

Limits on biological preparation for language

A
  • for example, “wolf children”
  • none could be rehabilitated to use language normally
  • ex. Genie the Wild Child
  • Critical periods
47
Q

Given-New Contract

A

In conversation, speaker should construct sentences so that they contain both given info and new info

48
Q

Common Ground

A

Knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions shared between two speakers

49
Q

Referential Communication Task

A

Task in which two people are exchanging info in conversation, when this info involves reference- identifying something by naming or describing it

50
Q

Entrainment

A

Synchronization between partners in conversation

51
Q

Syntactic Coordination

A

Process by which people see similar grammatical constructions when having conversation

52
Q

Syntactic Priming

A

Hearing statement with particular syntactic construction increases chances that statement that follows will be produced with same construction

53
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Ability to understand what others think, feel, or believe

54
Q

Broca’s area

A

Difficulty in understanding sentences with complex syntax

- Nonfluent

55
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Fluent

56
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

Linguistic relativity is the hypothesis that people who speak different languages think differently

57
Q

Bilingualism

A

Children raised in bilingual homes learn both languages as quick;y as monolingual children learn one language

58
Q

Prosody

A

The pattern of intonation and rhythm in spoken language

- Often creates emotion in spoken language (a speaker’s “soaring oratory”)

59
Q

Music as the “language of emotion”

A

Music creates emotion through sounds that have no meaning

60
Q

Language combines words and music combines tone to create […] that unfold over time

A

Language combines words and music combines tone to create structured sequences that unfold over time

61
Q

Tonic

A

Key of musical composition

- Tonic note is first note of scale in particular key

62
Q

Return to the Tonic

A

In musical composition, coming back to tonic note that was at beginning of composition

63
Q

Congenital Amusia

A

People have problems with music perception, including tasks such as discriminating between simple melodies or recognizing common tunes

Cognition (11 decks)

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