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Cognition > Chapter 4:Attention > Flashcards

Chapter 4:Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

Ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment

- Selective
- Divided
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2
Q

Divided Attention

A

Paying attention to to more than one thing at a time

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3
Q

Visual Scanning

A

Movements of eyes from one location or object to another

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4
Q

Selective Attention

A

Attending to one thing while ignoring other

  • We do not attend to large fraction of the information in the environment
  • We filter out some information and promote other information for further processingp
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5
Q

Distraction

A

One stimulus interfering with processing of another stimulus

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6
Q

Attentional Capture

A

Rapid shifting of attention usually caused by salient stimulus

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7
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

Presenting one message to left year and different message to right year

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8
Q

Shadowing

A

Procesure of repeating message out loud as it is heard

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9
Q

Dichotic Listening Results

A

Unattended ear is being processed at some level:

- Cocktail party effect
- Change in gender is noticed
- Change to a tone is noticed
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10
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Ability to focus one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

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11
Q

Early Selection Model

A

Eliminates unattended info right at beginning of flow of information

  • Broadbent’s filter model
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12
Q

Broadbent’s Filter Model

A

Model of attention that proposes filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of unattended stimuli

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13
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Holds all incoming info for fraction of second and than transfers all of it to filter

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14
Q

Filter

A

Indentifies message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics
- lets only this attended message pass through to detector in next stage

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15
Q

Detector

A

Processes info from attempted message to determine higher-level characteristics of message, like meaning
- processes all info

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16
Q

Broadbent’s model couldn’t explain

A
  • Why participant’s name gets through

- Why participants can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to another

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17
Q

Intermediate selection model

A

Treisman’s attenuation model

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18
Q

Treisman’s Attentuation Model

A

Selection occurs in 2 stages:

1. Attenuator analyzes incoming message
2. Lets through attended message
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19
Q

Attenuator

A

Analyzes:

1. Physical characteristics
2. Language
3. Meaning
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20
Q

Dictionary Unit

A

Contains stored words and thresholds for activating words

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21
Q

Late Selection Models

A

Most incoming info is processed to meaning before message selected is further processed

  • MacKay
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22
Q

MacKay

A
  • In attended ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences
    • “They were throwing stones at the bank”
  • In unattended ear, participants heard either “river” or “money”
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23
Q

Load Theory of Attention

A

Proposal that ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on load of task person is carrying out

  • Processing capacity
  • Perceptual load
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24
Q

Processing Capacity

A

Amount of info people can handle and sets limit on their ability to process incoming info

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25
Q

Perceptual Load

A

Related to difficulty of task

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26
Q

Low-Load Tasks

A

Task that uses few resources, leaving some capacity to handle other tasks

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27
Q

High-Load Tasks

A

Task that uses most or all of a person’s resources and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks

  • Result in less distraction
28
Q

Stroop Test

A

Task-irrelevant stimuli are very powerful

29
Q

In divided attention, required to simultaneously carry out:

A
  1. Holding info about target stimuli in memory
  2. Paying attention to series of “distractor” stimuli to determine whether one of the target stimuli is present among these distractor stimuli
30
Q

Divided attention is […]

A

Automatic processing occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive resources

- Associated with easy or well-practiced tasks
- Becomes more difficult when tasks are harder
31
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it
- Caused by failure to pay attention

32
Q

Visual Search

A

Occurs when peron is looking for one stimulus or object among number of other stimuli or objects

33
Q

Inattentional Deafness

A

Occurs when inattention causes a person to miss an auditory stimulus

34
Q

Change Detection

A

Detecting difference between pictures or displays that are present one after another

35
Q

Change Blindness

A

Difficulty in detecting changes in similar, but slightly different, scenes are presented one after another

Ex. Continuity errors in movies

36
Q

Experience Sampling

A

Procedure that was developing to answer what percentage of time during day are people engaged in specific behavior

37
Q

Mind Wandering

A

Thoughts that come from within a person, often unintentionally

38
Q

Overt Attention

A

Observable
Eye movements, attention, and perception
- Saccades
- Fixations

39
Q

Saccades

A

Eye movements from one fixation point to another

40
Q

Fixations

A

People’s tendency to focus on specific characteristics of problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution’ - Pausing of eyes in places of interest while observing a scene

41
Q

Bottom-Up Determinants of Eye Movement

A

Stimulus Salience

42
Q

Stimulus Salience

A
  • Depends on characteristics of the stimulus

- Color and motion are highly salient

43
Q

Saliency Map

A

Map of scene that indicates stimulus salience of areas and objects in scene

44
Q

Top-Down Determinants of Eye Movements

A
  • Scene Schema

- Eye movements are determined by task

45
Q

Scene Schema

A

Observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes

46
Q

Covert Attention

A

Occurs when attention is shifted without moving eyes

47
Q

Precuing

A

Procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out subsequent task
- Participants are given cue that tells them where to direct their attention

48
Q

Location-Based Visual Attention

A

Moving attention from one place to another
- When attention is directed to one place on an object, the enhancing effect of that attention spreads to other places on object

49
Q

Object-Based Visual Attention

A

Attention being directed on one place on an object

- Attention can enhance our response to objects

50
Q

Same-Object Advantage

A

Occurs when enhancing effect of attention spread throughout an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in facilitation of processing at other places on object

51
Q

Binding

A

The process by which features such as color, form, motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

52
Q

Binding Problem

A

Problem explaining how an object’s individual features become bound together

53
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

Approach to object perception that proposes sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object

- Preattentive stage: analyzes into features
- Focused attention stage: combine features into perception of object
54
Q

Illusory Conjunctions

A

Situation in which features from different objects are inappropriately combined

55
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

Inability to focus attention on individual objects

- high number fo illusory conjunctions reported

56
Q

Conjunction Search

A

Searching among distractors for a target that involves 2+ features

57
Q

Feature Search

A

Searching among distractors for target item that involves detecting one feature

58
Q

Feature Integration Theory is mostly […]

A

Feature Integration Theory is mostly bottom-up processing

  • Top-down processing influences processing when participants are told what they would see
    • Combines with feature analysis to help one perceive things accurately
59
Q

Physiology of Attention

A
  • Attention enhances neural responding

- Attentional processing is distributed across a large number of areas in the brain

60
Q

Ventral Attention Network

A

Network that controls attenrion based on stimulus salience

61
Q

Dorsal Attention Network

A

Network that controls attention based on top-down processing

62
Q

Executive Attention Network

A

Deals with executing function

  • Cognitive Control, Inhibitory Control, Willpower- mechanims involved in dealing with conflicting stumuli
63
Q

Effective Connectivity

A

how easily activity can travel along particular pathway between two structures

64
Q

Synchronization

A

Occurs when neural responses become synchronized in time

65
Q

Hemineglect

A
  • Unaware of deficit
  • Loss of attention to half of visual field
  • Stroke in right parietal

Cognition (11 decks)

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