Chapter 7: LTM Flashcards
Encoding
Process of acquiring info and transferring it into memory
Retrieval
Process of remembering info that has been stored in LTM
Maintenance Rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other info
Elaborative Rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves thinking about meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge
Levels of Processing Theory
Idea that memory depends on how info is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow
- Physical features= shallow processing
- Rhyming= deeper processing
- . Fill in the blanks= deepest processing
Depth of Processing
Idea that processing that occurs as an iten is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow
Shallow Processing
Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning
Deep Processing
Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else
Factors that Aid Encoding
- Visual imagery
- Self-reference effect
- Generation effect
- Organization to-be-remembered information
- Relating words to survival value
- Retrieval practice
Self-Reference Effect
Memory for word is improced by relating word to self
Generation Effect
Memory for material is better when person generates material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it
Pair-Associate Learning
Learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and task is to recall other word
Testing Effect
Enhanced performance on memory test caused by being testing on material to be remembered
Bransford and Johnson
People who sae picture before reading passage vs after reading passage
Retrieval Cue
Word or other stimulus that help person remember info stored in memory
Cued Retrieval
Procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli
- Retrieval cues most effect when created by person who uses them
Proactive Interference
When previously learned info interferes with learning with new info
Free Recall
Procedure for testing memory in which participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented
Encoding Specificity
Matching context in which encoding and retrieval occur
- Principle that we learn info together
State Dependent Learning
Principle that memory is best when a person is in same state for encoding or retrieval
Spacing Effect
Advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying
Transfer-appropriate processing
When type of task that occurs during encoding matches type of task occurs during retrieval
- Can result in enhanced memory
Consolidation
Process that transforms new memories into state in which they are more resistant to disruption
- Delay enhances consolidation
Synaptic Consolidation
Process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over period of minutes
Systems Consolidation
Consolidation process that involves gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on large timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years
Hebb (1948)
Neural record of experience
- Represented by pattern of structural changes that occur at many synapses
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Increased firing that occurs in neuron due to prior activity at synapse
Standard model of consolidation
Proposes that memory retrieval depends on hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on hippocampus
- After encoding, activity of hippocampus fades with
Reactivation
Process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which hippocampus replays neural activity associated with memory
- Activity occurs in network connecting hippocampus and cortex - Results in formation of connections between cortical areas - Says hippocampus is involved in retrieval of recent memories
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as concussion
Graded Amnesia
When amnesia is most severe for events that occured just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events
Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation
- Hippocampus is acticated during retrival of both recent and remote memories
- Response of the hippocampus can change over time
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA)
Procedure for determining pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures
Classifier
In MVPA, computer programs designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity
Multiple Trace Model Process
Prefrontal cortex: remote memories
Hippocampus: recent and remote (more in posterior hippocampus)
Consolidation and Sleep
- Memory consolidation appeats to be enhances during sleep
- Some memories are consolidated more than others
Reconsolidation
Process proposed by Nadar and others that occurs when memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated
- Memory must be consolidated again, as it was during initial learning - Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again —> reconsolidation
Reconsolidation and PTSD
Causes severe emotional responses to traumatic memories
- participants reactivated a traumatic memory - drug administered to block amygdala stress receptors during reconsolidation of memory - later reactivation of same memory showed lower stress responses
Spacing effect
Memory is better for multiple short study sessions
