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Cognition > Chapter 7: LTM > Flashcards

Chapter 7: LTM Flashcards

1
Q

Encoding

A

Process of acquiring info and transferring it into memory

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2
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of remembering info that has been stored in LTM

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3
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other info

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4
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Rehearsal that involves thinking about meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge

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5
Q

Levels of Processing Theory

A

Idea that memory depends on how info is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow

  1. Physical features= shallow processing
  2. Rhyming= deeper processing
  3. . Fill in the blanks= deepest processing
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6
Q

Depth of Processing

A

Idea that processing that occurs as an iten is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow

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7
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning

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8
Q

Deep Processing

A

Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else

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9
Q

Factors that Aid Encoding

A
  • Visual imagery
  • Self-reference effect
  • Generation effect
  • Organization to-be-remembered information
  • Relating words to survival value
  • Retrieval practice
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10
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

Memory for word is improced by relating word to self

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11
Q

Generation Effect

A

Memory for material is better when person generates material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it

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12
Q

Pair-Associate Learning

A

Learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and task is to recall other word

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13
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced performance on memory test caused by being testing on material to be remembered

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14
Q

Bransford and Johnson

A

People who sae picture before reading passage vs after reading passage

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15
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

Word or other stimulus that help person remember info stored in memory

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16
Q

Cued Retrieval

A

Procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli
- Retrieval cues most effect when created by person who uses them

17
Q

Proactive Interference

A

When previously learned info interferes with learning with new info

18
Q

Free Recall

A

Procedure for testing memory in which participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented

19
Q

Encoding Specificity

A

Matching context in which encoding and retrieval occur

- Principle that we learn info together

20
Q

State Dependent Learning

A

Principle that memory is best when a person is in same state for encoding or retrieval

21
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

22
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

When type of task that occurs during encoding matches type of task occurs during retrieval
- Can result in enhanced memory

23
Q

Consolidation

A

Process that transforms new memories into state in which they are more resistant to disruption

	- Delay enhances consolidation
24
Q

Synaptic Consolidation

A

Process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over period of minutes

25
Q

Systems Consolidation

A

Consolidation process that involves gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on large timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

26
Q

Hebb (1948)

A

Neural record of experience

- Represented by pattern of structural changes that occur at many synapses

27
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

Increased firing that occurs in neuron due to prior activity at synapse

28
Q

Standard model of consolidation

A

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on hippocampus
- After encoding, activity of hippocampus fades with

29
Q

Reactivation

A

Process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which hippocampus replays neural activity associated with memory

- Activity occurs in network connecting hippocampus and cortex
- Results in formation of connections between cortical areas
- Says hippocampus is involved in retrieval of recent memories
30
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as concussion

31
Q

Graded Amnesia

A

When amnesia is most severe for events that occured just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events

32
Q

Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation

A
  • Hippocampus is acticated during retrival of both recent and remote memories
  • Response of the hippocampus can change over time
33
Q

Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA)

A

Procedure for determining pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures

34
Q

Classifier

A

In MVPA, computer programs designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity

35
Q

Multiple Trace Model Process

A

Prefrontal cortex: remote memories

Hippocampus: recent and remote (more in posterior hippocampus)

36
Q

Consolidation and Sleep

A
  • Memory consolidation appeats to be enhances during sleep

- Some memories are consolidated more than others

37
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Process proposed by Nadar and others that occurs when memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated

- Memory must be consolidated again, as it was during initial learning
- Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again —> reconsolidation
38
Q

Reconsolidation and PTSD

A

Causes severe emotional responses to traumatic memories

- participants reactivated a traumatic memory
- drug administered to block amygdala stress receptors during reconsolidation of memory
- later reactivation of same memory showed lower stress responses
39
Q

Spacing effect

A

Memory is better for multiple short study sessions

Cognition (11 decks)

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