Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure

Question 1

Division

Answer 1

Distingushing between different types of memories

Question 2

Interaction

Answer 2

Fact that different types of memory can interact and share mechanisms

Question 3

Long-Term Memory

Answer 3

Memory mechanisms that can hold large accounts of information for large amounts of info for long periods of time
- One of stages in modal model of memory

Question 4

Serial Position

Answer 4

Memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall list of words, a plot of percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list

Question 5

Primacy Effect

Answer 5

In memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at beginning of list

Question 6

Recency Effect

Answer 6

In memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhaced memory for words presented at end of the list

Question 7

Coding

Answer 7

Form in which stimuli are represented in the mind

- Visual and auditory encoding in short- and long-term memory

Question 8

Semantic encoding in short- and long-term memory

Answer 8

Interference enhanced by meaning of words

Question 9

Proactive Interference (PI)

Answer 9

When info learned previously interferes with leaning new info

Question 10

Release from Proactive Interference

Answer 10

Situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance cause by proactive interference

Question 11

Recognition Memory

Answer 11

Identification of a previously encountered stimulus

- Sachs: participants remember wording versus meaning

Question 12

Hippocampus

Answer 12

Subcortical structure that is important forming long-term memories and that also plays role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel info

Question 13

Episodic and Semantic Memory: Tulving

Answer 13

Episodic memory involves mental time travel

- Ties to personal experience; remembering is reliving
- “Self-knowing”

Semantic memory does not involve mental time travel

- General knowledge, facts
- “Knowing”

Question 14

Mental Time Travel

Answer 14

Property of experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past

Question 15

Episodic and semantic memories are often intertwined

Answer 15

1. How knowledge (semantic) affects experience (episodic)

2. Makeup of autobiographical memory

Question 16

[…] can be lost, leaving only […]

Answer 16

Episodic, semantic

• Semantic can be enhaced if associated with episodic
  
  • Autobiographical memory
  • Personal semantic memory

Question 17

Autobiographical memory

Answer 17

Memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components

Question 18

Personal semantic memory

Answer 18

Semantic components of autobiographical memories

Question 19

Forgetting is not an “all-or-nothing” process

Answer 19

• Familiarity

- Recollection

Question 20

Familiarity

Answer 20

Person seems familiar, but can’t remember details about specific experiences involving this person

• semantic memory

Question 21

Recollection

Answer 21

Remembering specific experiences related to the person

- episodic memory

Question 22

Remember/ Know Procedure

Answer 22

Presented with stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to respond with:

1. Remember if stimulus is familiar and they also remember if circumstances under which they originally encountered it
2. Know if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier
3. Don’t know if they remember the stimulus at all

Question 23

Semanticization of Remote Memories

Answer 23

Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events

Question 24

Constructive Episodic Stimulation Hypothesis

Answer 24

Hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct stimulations of future events

- Simulations
- Future-orientation
- Adaptive function

Question 25

Explicit Memory

Answer 25

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past

Question 26

Implicit Memory

Answer 26

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had experience

Question 27

Procedural Memory

Answer 27

Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills

Aka skilled memory

Question 28

Expert-Induced Amnesia

Answer 28

Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

Change in response to a stimulus caused by previous presentation of same or similar stimulus

Question 30

Repetition Priming

Answer 30

When an initial presentation of a stimulus response to same stimulus is presented later

Question 31

Propaganda effect

Answer 31

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to statements

Question 32

Classical Conditioning and Implicit Memory

Answer 32

• Pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response

- Involves implicit memory when person has forgotten about original paiaring of the stimulus and the response