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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?

A 
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Colon
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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the Digestive System?

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary glands

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3
Q

What are the organs of the continuous gut tube in order?

A 
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Colon
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4
Q

What are accessory organs connected to gut tube by?

A

Ducts

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5
Q

What happens while digesting food

A

physical & chemical breakdown of large food particles

Produces nutrient molecules

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6
Q

What nutrient molecules are produced while digesting food?

A

Glucose
Triglycerides
Amino Acids

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7
Q

What happens when nutrients are being absorbed during digestion?

A

Molecules are absorbed from intestine

Used for growth and repair of cells, tissues, and organs

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8
Q

Feces

A

Expelled from body as solid waste

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9
Q

What is the roof of the oral cavity?

A

Palate

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10
Q

Uvula

A

Hangs down the soft palate

speech production

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11
Q

What is the location of the gag reflex?

A

Uvula

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12
Q

Cheeks

A

Lateral walls

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13
Q

Lips

A

Anterior opening

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14
Q

What is the entire oral cavity lined with?

A

Mucous membrane

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15
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

When food enters the mouth

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16
Q

Tongue

A

Moves food within mouth

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17
Q

Saliva

A

Digestive enzymes

Lubricates

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18
Q

Taste buds

A

on the tongue surface

Detects bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors

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19
Q

What are the cutting teeth?

A

Incisors

Cuspids

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20
Q

What are the grinding teeth?

A

Bicuspids (premolars)
Molars
Wisdom tooth

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21
Q

What is the third molar?

A

Wisdom tooth

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22
Q

Gums

A

mucous membrane + connective tissue

seals off teeth in socket

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23
Q

What is the tooth divided into?

A

Crown

Root

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24
Q

Crown

A

above gum

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25
Q

Root

A

below gum

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26
Q

Enamel

A

Outer covering
In crown only
Hardest substance

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27
Q

Dentin

A

Under enamel
In crown and root
Bulk of tooth

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28
Q

Pulp cavity

A

In crown & root canal

Blood vessels, nerves

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29
Q

Cementum/Periodontal Ligaments

A

Anchors root in jawbone

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30
Q

What are the 2 sets of teeth?

A

deciduous

Permanent

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31
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

First set, baby teeth

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32
Q

How many teeth erupt between the ages of 6-28months?

A

20

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33
Q

Permanent teeth

A

Second set, adult teeth

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34
Q

Where does the swallowed food enter?

A

Oropharynx

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35
Q

After entering the oropharynx, where does swallowed food go?

A

Into the laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Epiglottis

A

Covers larynx and trachea

Shunts food away from lungs and into esophagus

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37
Q

Peristalsis

A

Pushes food through entire gut tube

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38
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular organ that collects and churns food to form chyme.

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39
Q

While in the stomach, what is mixed with the food?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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40
Q

Chyme

A

Watery mix of food and digestive juices

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41
Q

What are the 3 regions of the stomach?

A

Fundus
Body
Antrum

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42
Q

Fundus

A

Upper part of the stomach

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43
Q

Body (Stomach)

A

Main pat of the stomach

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44
Q

Antrum

A

Lower part of the stomach

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45
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the stomach lining

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46
Q

Sphincters

A

muscular valves that control flow of food

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47
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A

Keeps food from backing up into esophagus

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48
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine

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49
Q

What is the longest portion of the alimentary canal?

A

Small Intestine

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50
Q

Where is the small intestine?

A

Between pyloric sphincter and colon

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51
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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52
Q

Duodenum

A

First section of the small intestine

Starts at pyloric sphincter

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53
Q

Jejunum

A

Second section of the small intestine

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54
Q

Ileum

A

Third section of the Small intestine

Connects colon at ileocecal valve

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55
Q

Where is the colon?

A

extends from ileocecal valve to anus

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56
Q

What is the purpose of the colon?

A

Fluid that remains after digestion and absorption enters colon to be reabsorbed into body

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57
Q

What are the regions of the colon?

A 
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid Colon
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58
Q

Rectum

A

Area for storage of feces

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59
Q

Anus

A

external opening of alimentary canal

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60
Q

Defacation

A

feces are evacuated

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61
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Produces saliva

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62
Q

Saliva

A

Allows food to be swallowed without choking

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63
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

amylase

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64
Q

Saliva + Food =

A

Bolus

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65
Q

Amylase

A

Begins digestion of carbohydrates

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66
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands
Sublingual Glands
Submandibular Glands

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67
Q

Liver

A

Processes nutrients
Detoxifies harmful substances
Produces bile

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68
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

RUQ

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69
Q

Emulsification

A

Breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets

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70
Q

Where is the Gallbladder located?

A

RUQ

under the liver

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71
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile produced by liver

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72
Q

Common Bile Duct

A

Carries bile to Duodenum in the Gallbladder

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73
Q

Pancreas

A

Holds the digestive juices Buffers and Enzymes

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74
Q

Buffers (Pancreas)

A

Digestive Juice that neutralizes acidic chyme

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75
Q

Enzymes

A

Digestive juices that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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76
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

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77
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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78
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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79
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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80
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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81
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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82
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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83
Q

-algia

A

pain

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84
Q

-centesis

A

process of removing fluid

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85
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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86
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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87
Q

-gram

A

record

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88
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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89
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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90
Q

-logy

A

study of

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91
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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92
Q

-osis

A

abnormal conditioning

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93
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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94
Q

-ostomy

A

create new opening

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95
Q

-otomy

A

cutting into

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96
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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97
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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98
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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99
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

100
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping

101
Q

-scope

A

instrument to view

102
Q

-scopy

A

process of viewing

103
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

104
Q

a-

A

without

105
Q

an-

A

without

106
Q

anti-

A

against

107
Q

brady-

A

slow

108
Q

dys-

A

abnormal

109
Q

endo-

A

within

110
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

111
Q

hypo-

A

under

112
Q

intra-

A

within

113
Q

per-

A

through

114
Q

peri-

A

around

115
Q

poly-

A

many

116
Q

post-

A

after

117
Q

retro-

A

backwards

118
Q

sub-

A

under

119
Q

trans-

A

across

120
Q

anal

A

pertaining to the anus

121
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to the cheeks

122
Q

buccolabial

A

pertaining to the cheeks and lips

123
Q

cecal

A

pertaining to the cecum

124
Q

Cholecystic

A

pertaining to the galbladder

125
Q

Colonic

A

pertaining to the colon

126
Q

colorectal

A

pertaining to the colon and rectum

127
Q

dental

A

pertaining to the teeth

128
Q

duodenal

A

pertaining to the duodenum

129
Q

enteric

A

pertaining to the small intestine

130
Q

esophageal

A

pertaining to the esophagus

131
Q

Gastric

A

Pertaining to the stomach

132
Q

gingival

A

pertaining to the gums

133
Q

glossal

A

pertaining to the tongue

134
Q

hepatic

A

pertaining to the liver

135
Q

hypoglossal

A

pertaining to under the tongue

136
Q

ileal

A

pertaining to the ileum

137
Q

jejunal

A

pertaining to the jejunum

138
Q

nasogastric

A

pertaining to the nose and stomach

139
Q

oral

A

pertaining to the mouth

140
Q

pancreatic

A

pertaining to the pancreas

141
Q

pharyngeal

A

pertaining to the pharynx

142
Q

pyloric

A

pertaining to the pylorus

143
Q

rectal

A

pertaining to the rectum

144
Q

sigmoidal

A

pertaining to the sigmoid colon

145
Q

sublingual

A

pertaining to under the tongue

146
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite with other conditions; different from anorexia nervosa

147
Q

aphagia

A

being unable to swallow or eat

148
Q

ascites

A

collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity

149
Q

bradypepsia

A

having a slow digestive system

150
Q

cachexia

A

loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease

151
Q

cholecystalgia

A

gallbladder pain

152
Q

constipation

A

difficult or infrequent defecation

153
Q

dentalgia

A

tooth pain

154
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent, watery bowel movements

155
Q

dysorexia

A

having an abnormal, usually diminished appetite

156
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion; having an upset stomach

157
Q

dysphagia

A

having difficulty swallowing or eating

158
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

159
Q

gastralgia

A

stomach pain

160
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

161
Q

hematochezia

A

passing bright red blood in stools

162
Q

hyperemesis

A

excessive vomiting

163
Q

jaundice

A

yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of bile pigment; often caused by liver disease

164
Q

melena

A

passage of dark tarry stool, due to digested blood

165
Q

nausea

A

urge to vomit

166
Q

Obesity

A

weight above healthy levels

167
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive eating

168
Q

pyrosis

A

stomach acid splashing into esophagus; heartburn

169
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow of stomach contents into mouth

170
Q

aphthous ulcers

A

ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker sores

171
Q

cleft lip

A

congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap

172
Q

cleft palate

A

congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening in the nasal cavity

173
Q

dental caries

A

decay of tooth due to bacterial infection; tooth cavity

174
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

175
Q

herpes labialis

A

herpes simplex virus type 1 infection; fever blisters or cold sores

176
Q

periodontal disease

A

isease of supporting structures around the teeth; especially the gums; most common cause of tooth loss

177
Q

sialadenitis

A

inflammation of a salivary gland

178
Q

esophageal varices

A

varicose veins in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture

179
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain

180
Q

pharyngoplegia

A

paralysis of the throat muscles

181
Q

gastric carcinoma

A

malignant tumor iin stomach

182
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

183
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach

184
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele

185
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices

186
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening

187
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

188
Q

bowel incontinence

A

inability to control defacation

189
Q

colorectal crcinoma

A

malignant tumor in the colon or rectum

190
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in scarring

191
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of the diverticulum, an outpouching off the colon; results from food being trapped inside

192
Q

dysentery

A

diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water

193
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestine

194
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins in the anal region

195
Q

ileus

A

severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distension; caused by intestinal blockage

196
Q

inguinal hernia

A

protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of bowel

197
Q

intussusception

A

one part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section

198
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

disturbance in function of intestine for unknown reason; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation

199
Q

polyposis

A

having polyps, tumor with a stem-like attachment, growing on the mucus membrane of the colon; may become cancerous

200
Q

proctoptosis

A

prolapse or drooping rectum

201
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon

202
Q

volvulus

A

bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction

203
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gallbladder; commonly caused by gallstones

204
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of gallstones; may or may not cause systoms

205
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease due to liver failure

206
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver; due to a viral infection

207
Q

hepatoma

A

tumor in the liver

208
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

209
Q

laparoscopy

A

process of visually examining inside of abdominal caity

210
Q

sigmoidoscope

A

instrument used to visually examine the sigmoid colon

211
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

process of visually examining inside of sigmoid colon

212
Q

paracentesis

A

insertion of needle into abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid

213
Q

bridge

A

dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth to replace missing teeth

214
Q

crown

A

artificial tooth to replace original crown

215
Q

denture

A

partial or complete set of artificial teeth

216
Q

extraction

A

removing teeth

217
Q

implant

A

prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth

218
Q

root canal

A

drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to save a tooth that is badly infected

219
Q

gavage

A

placing liquid nourishment directly into stomach via a nasogastric tube

220
Q

lavage

A

washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube

221
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

flexible catheter inserted into nose and down esophagus into the stomach

222
Q

total parenteral nutrition

A

providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat

223
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical creation of a connection between 2 organs; like joining together 2 sections of colon

224
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of appendix

225
Q

bariatric surgery

A

surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity; like stomach stapling

226
Q

cholecystecomy

A

surgical removal of gallbladder

227
Q

choledocholithotripsy

A

surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct

228
Q

colectomy

A

surgical removal of the colon

229
Q

colostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening into some portion of colon through abdominal wall

230
Q

diverticulectomy

A

surgical removal of diverticula

231
Q

Exploratory Laparotomy

A

surgical removal to examine the abdominal organs

232
Q

fistulectomy

A

removal of a fistula

233
Q

gastrectomy

A

surgical removal of the stomach

234
Q

gastric stapling

A

procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much small stomach

235
Q

gastrostomy

A

surgical procedure to create a new opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall

236
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

237
Q

hernioplasty

A

surgical repair of a hernia

238
Q

ileostomy

A

surgical creation of a new opening into the ileum

239
Q

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision

240
Q

laparotomy

A

to cut into the abdominal cavity

241
Q

liver transplant

A

implantation of a donor liver

242
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of the palate

243
Q

pharyngoplasty

A

surgical repair of the pharynx

244
Q

proctopexy

A

surgical fixation of the rectum and anus

245
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Digesting Food
Absorbing nutrients
Eliminating waste

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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