Chapter 8: Digestive System Flashcards
What are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Colon
What are the accessory organs of the Digestive System?
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary glands
What are the organs of the continuous gut tube in order?
Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Colon
What are accessory organs connected to gut tube by?
Ducts
What happens while digesting food
physical & chemical breakdown of large food particles
Produces nutrient molecules
What nutrient molecules are produced while digesting food?
Glucose
Triglycerides
Amino Acids
What happens when nutrients are being absorbed during digestion?
Molecules are absorbed from intestine
Used for growth and repair of cells, tissues, and organs
Feces
Expelled from body as solid waste
What is the roof of the oral cavity?
Palate
Uvula
Hangs down the soft palate
speech production
What is the location of the gag reflex?
Uvula
Cheeks
Lateral walls
Lips
Anterior opening
What is the entire oral cavity lined with?
Mucous membrane
Where does digestion begin?
When food enters the mouth
Tongue
Moves food within mouth
Saliva
Digestive enzymes
Lubricates
Taste buds
on the tongue surface
Detects bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors
What are the cutting teeth?
Incisors
Cuspids
What are the grinding teeth?
Bicuspids (premolars)
Molars
Wisdom tooth
What is the third molar?
Wisdom tooth
Gums
mucous membrane + connective tissue
seals off teeth in socket
What is the tooth divided into?
Crown
Root
Crown
above gum
Root
below gum
Enamel
Outer covering
In crown only
Hardest substance
Dentin
Under enamel
In crown and root
Bulk of tooth
Pulp cavity
In crown & root canal
Blood vessels, nerves
Cementum/Periodontal Ligaments
Anchors root in jawbone
What are the 2 sets of teeth?
deciduous
Permanent
Deciduous teeth
First set, baby teeth
How many teeth erupt between the ages of 6-28months?
20
Permanent teeth
Second set, adult teeth
Where does the swallowed food enter?
Oropharynx
After entering the oropharynx, where does swallowed food go?
Into the laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
Covers larynx and trachea
Shunts food away from lungs and into esophagus
Peristalsis
Pushes food through entire gut tube
Stomach
Muscular organ that collects and churns food to form chyme.
While in the stomach, what is mixed with the food?
Hydrochloric acid
Chyme
Watery mix of food and digestive juices
What are the 3 regions of the stomach?
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Fundus
Upper part of the stomach
Body (Stomach)
Main pat of the stomach
Antrum
Lower part of the stomach
Rugae
Folds in the stomach lining
Sphincters
muscular valves that control flow of food
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Keeps food from backing up into esophagus
Pyloric Sphincter
Allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine
What is the longest portion of the alimentary canal?
Small Intestine
Where is the small intestine?
Between pyloric sphincter and colon
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
First section of the small intestine
Starts at pyloric sphincter
Jejunum
Second section of the small intestine
Ileum
Third section of the Small intestine
Connects colon at ileocecal valve
Where is the colon?
extends from ileocecal valve to anus
What is the purpose of the colon?
Fluid that remains after digestion and absorption enters colon to be reabsorbed into body
What are the regions of the colon?
Cecum Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Area for storage of feces
Anus
external opening of alimentary canal
Defacation
feces are evacuated
Salivary Glands
Produces saliva
Saliva
Allows food to be swallowed without choking
What does saliva contain?
amylase
Saliva + Food =
Bolus
Amylase
Begins digestion of carbohydrates
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid glands
Sublingual Glands
Submandibular Glands
Liver
Processes nutrients
Detoxifies harmful substances
Produces bile
Where is the liver located?
RUQ
Emulsification
Breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets
Where is the Gallbladder located?
RUQ
under the liver
Gallbladder
Stores bile produced by liver
Common Bile Duct
Carries bile to Duodenum in the Gallbladder
Pancreas
Holds the digestive juices Buffers and Enzymes
Buffers (Pancreas)
Digestive Juice that neutralizes acidic chyme
Enzymes
Digestive juices that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
cutane/o
skin
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
nas/o
nose
orth/o
straight
ven/o
vein
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-centesis
process of removing fluid
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
Surgical removal
-gram
record
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-logy
study of
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal conditioning
-graphy
process of recording
-ostomy
create new opening
-otomy
cutting into
-ous
pertaining to
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-plegia
paralysis
-ptosis
drooping
-scope
instrument to view
-scopy
process of viewing
-tic
pertaining to
a-
without
an-
without
anti-
against
brady-
slow
dys-
abnormal
endo-
within
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
under
intra-
within
per-
through
peri-
around
poly-
many
post-
after
retro-
backwards
sub-
under
trans-
across
anal
pertaining to the anus
buccal
pertaining to the cheeks
buccolabial
pertaining to the cheeks and lips
cecal
pertaining to the cecum
Cholecystic
pertaining to the galbladder
Colonic
pertaining to the colon
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
dental
pertaining to the teeth
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
enteric
pertaining to the small intestine
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
Gastric
Pertaining to the stomach
gingival
pertaining to the gums
glossal
pertaining to the tongue
hepatic
pertaining to the liver
hypoglossal
pertaining to under the tongue
ileal
pertaining to the ileum
jejunal
pertaining to the jejunum
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
oral
pertaining to the mouth
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx
pyloric
pertaining to the pylorus
rectal
pertaining to the rectum
sigmoidal
pertaining to the sigmoid colon
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
anorexia
loss of appetite with other conditions; different from anorexia nervosa
aphagia
being unable to swallow or eat
ascites
collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
bradypepsia
having a slow digestive system
cachexia
loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease
cholecystalgia
gallbladder pain
constipation
difficult or infrequent defecation
dentalgia
tooth pain
diarrhea
frequent, watery bowel movements
dysorexia
having an abnormal, usually diminished appetite
dyspepsia
indigestion; having an upset stomach
dysphagia
having difficulty swallowing or eating
emesis
vomiting
gastralgia
stomach pain
hematemesis
vomiting blood
hematochezia
passing bright red blood in stools
hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
jaundice
yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of bile pigment; often caused by liver disease
melena
passage of dark tarry stool, due to digested blood
nausea
urge to vomit
Obesity
weight above healthy levels
polyphagia
excessive eating
pyrosis
stomach acid splashing into esophagus; heartburn
regurgitation
backflow of stomach contents into mouth
aphthous ulcers
ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker sores
cleft lip
congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap
cleft palate
congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening in the nasal cavity
dental caries
decay of tooth due to bacterial infection; tooth cavity
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
herpes labialis
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection; fever blisters or cold sores
periodontal disease
isease of supporting structures around the teeth; especially the gums; most common cause of tooth loss
sialadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
esophageal varices
varicose veins in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture
gastroesophageal reflux disease
acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain
pharyngoplegia
paralysis of the throat muscles
gastric carcinoma
malignant tumor iin stomach
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
hiatal hernia
protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele
peptic ulcer disease
ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices
anal fistula
abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
bowel incontinence
inability to control defacation
colorectal crcinoma
malignant tumor in the colon or rectum
Crohn’s Disease
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in scarring
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum, an outpouching off the colon; results from food being trapped inside
dysentery
diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in the anal region
ileus
severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distension; caused by intestinal blockage
inguinal hernia
protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of bowel
intussusception
one part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section
irritable bowel syndrome
disturbance in function of intestine for unknown reason; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation
polyposis
having polyps, tumor with a stem-like attachment, growing on the mucus membrane of the colon; may become cancerous
proctoptosis
prolapse or drooping rectum
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon
volvulus
bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder; commonly caused by gallstones
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones; may or may not cause systoms
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease due to liver failure
hepatitis
inflammation of liver; due to a viral infection
hepatoma
tumor in the liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
laparoscopy
process of visually examining inside of abdominal caity
sigmoidoscope
instrument used to visually examine the sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscopy
process of visually examining inside of sigmoid colon
paracentesis
insertion of needle into abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid
bridge
dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth to replace missing teeth
crown
artificial tooth to replace original crown
denture
partial or complete set of artificial teeth
extraction
removing teeth
implant
prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth
root canal
drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to save a tooth that is badly infected
gavage
placing liquid nourishment directly into stomach via a nasogastric tube
lavage
washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube
nasogastric intubation
flexible catheter inserted into nose and down esophagus into the stomach
total parenteral nutrition
providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat
anastomosis
surgical creation of a connection between 2 organs; like joining together 2 sections of colon
appendectomy
surgical removal of appendix
bariatric surgery
surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity; like stomach stapling
cholecystecomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
choledocholithotripsy
surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct
colectomy
surgical removal of the colon
colostomy
surgical creation of an opening into some portion of colon through abdominal wall
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of diverticula
Exploratory Laparotomy
surgical removal to examine the abdominal organs
fistulectomy
removal of a fistula
gastrectomy
surgical removal of the stomach
gastric stapling
procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much small stomach
gastrostomy
surgical procedure to create a new opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
hernioplasty
surgical repair of a hernia
ileostomy
surgical creation of a new opening into the ileum
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision
laparotomy
to cut into the abdominal cavity
liver transplant
implantation of a donor liver
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
pharyngoplasty
surgical repair of the pharynx
proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum and anus
What is the function of the digestive system?
Digesting Food
Absorbing nutrients
Eliminating waste
