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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the organs of the skeletal system?

A

Bones of the skeleton

Joints

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2
Q

What are bones?

A

Body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that form a skeleton.

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3
Q

How many bones make a skeleton?

A

206

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4
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

It is within the bones that produces blood cells

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5
Q

What is a joint?

A

The place where the 2 bones meet

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6
Q

What holds together the joints and bones?

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

What is another name for bones?

A

Osseous tissue

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8
Q

What is the process of bone formation before birth?

A

Ossification

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9
Q

What model forms a fetal skeleton?

A

Cartilage model

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10
Q

Flexible tissue is replaced by what?

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

What is another name for osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells

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12
Q

What do osteoblasts mature into?

A

Osteocytes

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13
Q

What are the 4 shapes of bones?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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14
Q

What are 2 examples of a long bone?

A

Femur

Humerus

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of short bones?

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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16
Q

What are 3 examples of flat bones?

A

Sternum
Scapula
Pelvis

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17
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

Vertebrae

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18
Q

What majority of bone shape is the body?

A

Long bones

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of long bones?

A

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

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20
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Internal framework of body
Supports body
Protects internal organs
Point of attachment for muscles
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals
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21
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

It is an open canal within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow.

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22
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

mostly fat

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23
Q

What is the Epiphysis and where is it located?

A

It is at the wide end of a long bone and it is covered by the articular cartilage, which prevents the bones from rubbing together.

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24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

It is a thin connective tissue membrane that contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels that covers the surface of bone where articular cartilage doesn’t cover.

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25
Q

What is the Compact bone and where can it be found?

A

The cortical bone outer layer of bone that is a very dense and hard. It can be found in both the epiphysis and diaphysis.

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26
Q

What is the cancellous bone and where can it be found?

A

Also known as the spongy bone, it is inside the bone and has spaces containing red bone marrow.

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27
Q

What is red bone marrow

A

it manufactures blood cells

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28
Q

Head

A

Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone

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29
Q

Condyle

A

Smooth rounded portion at end of bone

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30
Q

Epicondyle

A

Projection above or on a condyle

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31
Q

Trochanter

A

Larger rough process

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32
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rough process

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33
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rough process

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34
Q

Sinus

A

Hollow cavity within bone

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35
Q

foramen

A

Smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels

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36
Q

fossa

A

Shallow cavity or depression within a bone

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37
Q

fissure

A

Deep grooves or slit-like opening

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38
Q

Identify the 2 divisions of a skeleton.

A

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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39
Q

What bones are in the Axial Skeleton?

A 
Head
Neck
Spine
Chest
Trunk
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40
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull?

A

Cranium

Facial Bone

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the skull?

A

Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity.

Attachment for muscles of chewing and turning the head.

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42
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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43
Q

Parietal

A

Upper Sides and roof of skull

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44
Q

Temperal

A

Sides and base of skull

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45
Q

Ethmoid

A

Part of eye orbit, nose, and floor of skull

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46
Q

Sphenoid

A

Part of floor of skull

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47
Q

Occipital

A

Back and base of skull

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48
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jawbone

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49
Q

Maxilla

A

Upper jawbone

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50
Q

Zygomatic

A

Cheek bones

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51
Q

Vomer

A

Part of nasal septum

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52
Q

Palatine

A

Hard palate and floor of nose

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53
Q

nasal

A

part of nasal septum and bridge of nose

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54
Q

Lacrimal

A

Inner corner of eye

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55
Q

What is the Hyoid Bone?

A

U shaped bone

Attachment point for swallowing and speech muscles

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56
Q

where si the Hyoid located?

A

Between mandible and larynx

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57
Q

What are the 3 parts of the trunk?

A

Vertebral column
Sternum
Rib cage

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58
Q

What are the 5 sections of the Vertebral column?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
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59
Q

Where is the cervical and how many vertebrae?

A

Neck

7

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60
Q

Where is the thoracic and how many vertebrae?

A

Chest

12

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61
Q

Where is the lumbar and how many vertebrae?

A

Low back

5

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62
Q

Where is the Sacrum and how many vertebrae?

A

Base of spine

5 Fused

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63
Q

Where is the Coccyx and how many vertebrae?

A

Attached to Sacrum

3-5 small

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64
Q

How many pairs of rib are there?

A

12

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65
Q

Rib Cage

A

Attached to vertebral column at back.

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66
Q

What is the purpose of the rib cage?

A

Provides support for organs

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67
Q

True ribs

A

10 pairs attached to sternum in front

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68
Q

Floating ribs

A

Inferior 2 pairs with no attachment to front

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69
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton’s 4 divisions?

A

Pectoral Girdle
Upper Extremity
Pelvic Girdle
Lower Extremity

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70
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton.

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71
Q

What does the Pectoral Girdle articulate with?

A

Sternum anteriorly

Vertebral Column posteriorly

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72
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

Clavicle

Scapula

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73
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone

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74
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder bone

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75
Q

Upper Extremity

A

Arms

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76
Q

Humerus

A

upper arm

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77
Q

Ulna

A

part of forearm

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78
Q

radius

A

part of forearm

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79
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones

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80
Q

metacarpals

A

hand bones

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81
Q

phalanges

A

finger bones

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82
Q

What are 3 other names the Pelvic Girdle is known as?

A

os coxae
innominate bone
hipbone

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83
Q

Pelvic Gridle

A

Attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton

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84
Q

What does the pelvic girdle articulate with?

A

Sacrum posteriorly

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85
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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86
Q

Lower Extremity

A

Leg

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87
Q

Femur

A

thigh bone

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88
Q

patella

A

knee cap

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89
Q

tibia

A

shin bone

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90
Q

fibula

A

lower leg bone

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91
Q

tarsals

A

ankle bone

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92
Q

metatarsals

A

foot bones

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93
Q

phalanges

A

toe bones

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94
Q

What is another name for joints?

A

articulation

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95
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

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96
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely moving joints

Ball-and-socket joint

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97
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong bands of connective tissue that holds bones together

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98
Q

Bursa

A

Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane

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99
Q

What so the most common joint?

A

Synovial joint

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100
Q

Joint capsule

A

Encloses synovial joints and contains synovial fluid.

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101
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Lubricant secreted by synovial membrane

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102
Q

What are the end of bones covered with?

A

Articular Cartilge

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103
Q

What is cartilaginous joints?

A

Holds bones in place by solid piece of cartilage that allows slight movement

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104
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Pubic Symphysis

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105
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

Joined by thick fibrous tissue that allows almost no movement

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106
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures of the skull

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107
Q

articular

A

pertaining to a joint

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108
Q

carpal

A

pertaining to the wrist

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109
Q

cervical

A

pertaining to the neck

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110
Q

clavicular

A

pertaining to the collar bone

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111
Q

coccygeal

A

pertaining to the tail bone

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112
Q

cortical

A

pertaining to the outer portion

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113
Q

costal

A

pertaining to the ribs

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114
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the skull

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115
Q

femoral

A

pertaining to the femur

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116
Q

fibular

A

pertaining to the fibula

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117
Q

humeral

A

pertaining to the humerus

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118
Q

iliac

A

pertaining to the ilium

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119
Q

intervertebral

A

pertaining to between vertebrae

120
Q

intracranial

A

pertaining to inside the skull

121
Q

ischial

A

pertaining to the ischium

122
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the low back

123
Q

mandibular

A

pertaining to the lower jaw

124
Q

maxillary

A

pertaining to the upper jaw

125
Q

medullary

A

pertaining to the inner portion

126
Q

metacarpal

A

pertaining to the hand

127
Q

metatarsal

A

pertaining to the foot

128
Q

Patellar

A

Pertaining to the knee cap

129
Q

Pelvic

A

Pertaining to the pelvis

130
Q

Phalangical

A

Pertaining to the fingers/toes

131
Q

Pubic

A

Pertaining to the pubis

132
Q

Radial

A

Pertaining to the radius

133
Q

Sacral

A

Pertaining to the sacrum

134
Q

scapular

A

pertaining to the shoulder blade

135
Q

sternal

A

pertaining to the breast bone

136
Q

synovial

A

pertaining to the synovial membrane

137
Q

tarsal

A

pertaining to the ankle

138
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the chest

139
Q

tibial

A

pertaining to the tibia

140
Q

ulnar

A

pertaining to the ulna

141
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

142
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa

143
Q

callus

A

mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing

144
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of the cartilage

145
Q

crepitation

A

noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together

146
Q

ostealgia

A

bone pain

147
Q

oseomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

148
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of synovial membrane

149
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture

150
Q

Colles’ Fracture

A

Common wrist fracture

151
Q

comminuted fracture

A

fractured with an open skin wound; also called open fracture

152
Q

Compression Fraction

A

Fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis

153
Q

fracture

A

broken bone

154
Q

FX, Fx

A

fracture

155
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the other is bent; common in children

156
Q

impacted fracture

A

bone fragments are pushed into each other

157
Q

oblique fracture

A

fracture at an angle to bone

158
Q

pathologic fracture

A

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

159
Q

spiral fracture

A

fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often slower to heal

160
Q

stress fracture

A

slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running

161
Q

transverse fracture

A

fracture is straight across bone

162
Q

Chondroma

A

tumor in cartilage; usually benign

163
Q

Ewing’s Sarcoma

A

Cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent metastasis

164
Q

Exostosis

A

Bone Spur

165
Q

Myeloma

A

Tumor forming in bone marrow tissue

166
Q

osteochondroma

A

tumor consisting of bone and cartilage tissue; usually benign

167
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes

168
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children with insufficient sunlight and Vitamin D

169
Q

osteopathy

A

General term for bone disease

170
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakening of bones; porous bone easily fractures

171
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

metabolic disease of bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and deformity

172
Q

rickets

A

caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities

173
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae

174
Q

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

A

protusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ruptured disk

175
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback

176
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback

177
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curve of spine

178
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord

179
Q

spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves

180
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra over it

181
Q

spondylosis

A

general term for degenerative vertebral column condition

182
Q

whiplash

A

cervical muscle and ligament sprain

183
Q

bunion

A

inflammation of bursa at base of great toe

184
Q

dislocation

A

bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment

185
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs against bone

186
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint deformities

187
Q

sprain

A

damage to ligaments around joint due to over stretching; no dislocation or fracture

188
Q

subluxation

A

incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact

189
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems including joints; looks like rheumatoid arthritis

190
Q

talipes

A

congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot

191
Q

arthrogram

A

x-ray record of a joint

192
Q

arthrography

A

visualizing joint by x-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint

193
Q

bone scan

A

nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastases

194
Q

dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)

A

measures bone density using low dose x-ray; detects osteoporosis

195
Q

myelography

A

study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus

196
Q

radiography

A

uses x-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints

197
Q

arthroscope

A

instrument used to view inside a joint

198
Q

arthroscopy

A

examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of joint interior appears on monitor during procedure

199
Q

arthrocentesis

A

insertion of needle into joint cavity to remove fluid

200
Q

orthotic

A

brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities

201
Q

prosthesis

A

artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged body part

202
Q

amputation

A

removal of a limb

203
Q

arthroclasia

A

forcibly break loose a fused joint

204
Q

arthrodesis

A

stabilize join by fusing bones together

205
Q

arthroscopic surgery

A

performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view inside joint

206
Q

arthrotomy

A

cutting into a joint

207
Q

bone graft

A

bone from another source used to replace boney defect in another location

208
Q

bunionectomy

A

removal of bursa at base of great toe

209
Q

bursectomy

A

removal of bursa

210
Q

chondrectomy

A

removal of cartilage

211
Q

chondroplasty

A

repair of cartilage

212
Q

craniotomy

A

cutting into the skull

213
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve

214
Q

osteoclasia

A

intentional breaking of a bone

215
Q

osteotome

A

instrument used to cut bone

216
Q

osteotomy

A

cutting into a bone

217
Q

percutaneous diskectomy

A

tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out ruptured disk; may also be done with a laser

218
Q

spinal fusion

A

surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae

219
Q

synovectomy

A

removal of a synovial membrane

220
Q

total hip arthroplasty (THA)

A

implanting a prosthetic hip joint

221
Q

total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

A

implanting a prosthetic knee joint

222
Q

cast

A

solid material to immobilize a fracture; may be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass

223
Q

fixation

A

stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, and screws

224
Q

reduction

A

realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed reduction is manipulation without surgery; open reduction requires surgery

225
Q

traction

A

applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment

226
Q

bone reabsorption inhibitors

A

reduce the reabsorption of bone; treats osteoporosis and Paget’s disease

227
Q

corticosteroids

A

have strong anti-inflammatory properties; treats rheumatoid arthritis

228
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

individual cells are able to contract or shorten in length that produces movement

229
Q

What are the organs of the muscular system

A

muscles

230
Q

What do muscle tissue fibers contract?

A 
shorten in length
produce movement
move bones closer together
push food through digestive system
pump blood through blood vessels
231
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

232
Q

Voluntary Muscles

A

Skeletal muscles that consciously choose to contract the muscle

233
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Smooth & cardiac muscles that are under control of subconscious brain

234
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to bones

Looks striped under microscope

235
Q

Striated Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

236
Q

Fascia

A

Skeletal muscles wrapped in layers of connective tissue

237
Q

What are skeletal muscles stimulated by?

A

Motor neurons

238
Q

Myoneural junction

A

Point of contact with muscle fiber

239
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found?

A

Trunk, extremities, head, and neck

240
Q

Where are visceral muscles found?

A

Viscera

Blood vessels

241
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

Heart

242
Q

What internal organs are smooth muscles associated with?

A

Stomach
Respiratory airways
Blood Vessels

243
Q

Visceral Muscle

A

Smooth muscle.

244
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle

245
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

makes up the walls of the heart

246
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline of body

247
Q

adduction

A

movement toward midline of body

248
Q

flexion

A

act of bending or being bent

249
Q

extension

A

brings limb into a straight condition

250
Q

dorsiflexion

A

backward bending of foot

251
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending sole of foot; pointing toes

252
Q

eversion

A

turning outward

253
Q

inversion

A

turning inward

254
Q

pronation

A

turning palm downward

255
Q

supination

A

turning palm upward

256
Q

elevation

A

to raise

257
Q

depression

A

to drop down

258
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement in circular direction from a central point

259
Q

Opposition

A

Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of other fingers

260
Q

Rotation

A

Moving around a central axis

261
Q

fascial

A

pertaining to fascia

262
Q

muscular

A

pertaining to muscles

263
Q

myocardial

A

pertaining to heart muscle

264
Q

skeletal

A

pertaining to the skeleton

265
Q

tendonous

A

pertaining to tendons

266
Q

adhesion

A

scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle movement difficult

267
Q

atrophy

A

poor muscle development; result of muscle disease or lack of use; muscle wasting

268
Q

bradykinesia

A

having slow movements

269
Q

contracture

A

abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia

270
Q

dyskinesia

A

having difficulty or painful movements

271
Q

dystonia

A

having abnormal muscle tone

272
Q

hyperkinesia

A

having an excessive amount of movement

273
Q

hypertonia

A

having excessive muscle tone

274
Q

hypokinesia

A

having insufficient amount of movement

275
Q

hypotonia

A

having insufficient muscle tone

276
Q

intermittent claudication

A

attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by muscle ischemia; usually in calf muscles

277
Q

myalgia

A

mucle pain

278
Q

myasthenia

A

muscle weakness

279
Q

myotonia

A

muscle tone

280
Q

spasm

A

sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction

281
Q

tenodynia

A

tendon pain

282
Q

fascitis

A

inflammation of fascia

283
Q

fibromyalgia

A

widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue

284
Q

lateral epicondylitis

A

inflammation of elbow muscles; caused by strong gripping; tennis elbow

285
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

inherited disease with progressive muscle atrophy

286
Q

myopathy

A

muscle diease

287
Q

myorrhexis

A

tearing a muscle

288
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammation of 2 or more muscles

289
Q

pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy

A

inherited muscular dystrophy

290
Q

torticollis

A

severe neck spasms pulling head to one side; wryneck or crick in neck

291
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger tendons and median nerve as they pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist

292
Q

Ganglion Cyst

A

Cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand wrist, or ankle

293
Q

Repetitive Motion Disorder

A

Chronic disorders involving tendon, muscles, joints, and nerve damage; tissue is subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements

294
Q

rotator cuff injury

A

joint capsule of shoulder joints is reinforced by tendons; high degree of flexibility puts rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing

295
Q

Strain

A

damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching

296
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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