Chapter 8 - CNS

Question 1

what 2 organs make up the CNS?

Answer 1

brain

spinal cord

Question 2

what 3 sections make up the brain?

Answer 2

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

Question 3

largest part of the brain

Answer 3

cerebrum

Question 4

elevations of the brain

Answer 4

gyri

Question 5

grooves of the brain

Answer 5

sulci

Question 6

deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

Answer 6

longitudinal sulcus

Question 7

a fold of dura mater that lies within this fissure; changes in it’s normal position often indicates pathology

Answer 7

falx cerebri

Question 8

what connects the right and left hemispheres?

Answer 8

corpus callosum

Question 9

located posterior and under cerebrum

Answer 9

cerebellum

Question 10

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem from top to bottom?

Answer 10

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 11

portion of the brain that connects the pons and spinal cord

Answer 11

medulla oblongata

Question 12

where does the spinal cord extend to?

Answer 12

L1/L2 disk space

Question 13

pointed end of spinal cord

Answer 13

conus medullaris

Question 14

spinal nerves below the termination of the spinal cord

Answer 14

cauda equina

Question 15

continuous, protective membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

Answer 15

meninges

Question 16

what are the 3 meninges from outer to inner?

Answer 16

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

Question 17

space between the bone and dura mater

Answer 17

epidural space

Question 18

outermost membrane; strong, fibrous

Answer 18

dura mater

Question 19

space between the dura mater and arachnoid

Answer 19

subdural space

Question 20

middle membrane

Answer 20

arachnoid

Question 21

space between arachnoid and pia mater

Answer 21

subarachnoid space

Question 22

where is the Cerebral Spinal Fluid located?

Answer 22

subarachnoid space

Question 23

communicates with the ventricles of the brain

Answer 23

subarachnoid space

Question 24

an area of the subarachnoid space that is increased in width, located at the base of the brain

Answer 24

cisterna magna

Question 25

inner membrane; highly vascular and closely adhered to brain and spinal cord

Answer 25

pia mater

Question 26

what are the 4 cerebral spinal fluid containing cavaties in the brain?

Answer 26

right left third fourth

Question 27

fluid around the brain and spinal cord to provide cushion

Answer 27

cerebral spinal fluid

Question 28

how do ventricles communicate with each other?

Answer 28

through connecting channels

Question 29

which ventricle does CSF exit out of to communicate with the subarachnoid space?

Answer 29

fourth ventricle

Question 30

exam where contrast is injected into the subarachnoid space

Answer 30

myelogram

Question 31

injection into the subarachnoid space

Answer 31

intrathecal injection

Question 32

where is the puncture made at for a myelogram?

Answer 32

L2-L3 or L3-L4

Question 33

what type of contrast is used for a myelogram?

Answer 33

water-soluble, nonionic, iodinated contrast

Question 34

what should you do if contrast has moved into the cervical area of the patient?

Answer 34

position head in acute extension to compress cistern magna and prevent contrast from entering ventricles of the brain

Question 35

why is a myelogram performed?

Answer 35

to demonstrate spinal cord compression

Question 36

treats compression fractures of the vertebral bodies

Answer 36

vertebroplasty & kyphoplasty

Question 37

the injection of radiopague bone cement into a compression fracture under fluoroscopic guidance

Answer 37

percutaneous vertebroplasty

Question 38

how is percutaneous kyphoplasty different from percutaneous vertebroplasty?

Answer 38

a balloon catheter is used to expand the compressed vertebral body before injection of the bone cement

Question 39

inflammation of the meninges

Answer 39

meningitis

Question 40

what are the 2 types of meningitis?

Answer 40

bacterial | viral

Question 41

what is done to determine the cause of meningitis?

Answer 41

spinal tap

Question 42

inflammation of the brain

Answer 42

encephalitis

Question 43

what is encephalitis caused by?

Answer 43

virus

Question 44

collection of pus in the brain

Answer 44

brain abscess

Question 45

what is a brain abscess usually a result of?

Answer 45

infections of the middle ear or sinuses

Question 46

accumulation of pus between the dura and arachnoid

Answer 46

subdural empyema

Question 47

accumulation of pus inbetween the skull and dura

Answer 47

epidural empyema

Question 48

inflammation of bone

Answer 48

osteomyelitis

Question 49

what is osteomyelitis caused by?

Answer 49

bacteria

Question 50

what modality is best for demonstrating CNS tumors?

Answer 50

MRI

Question 51

bleed between skull and dura mater due to trauma

Answer 51

epidural hematoma

Question 52

how do head bleeds show up on a radiographic image?

Answer 52

radiopaque

Question 53

bleed between dura and arachnoid due to trauma

Answer 53

subdural hematoma

Question 54

injury to brain tissue after trauma to the skull; a bruise with no hemorrhage involved

Answer 54

cerebral contusion

Question 55

bleed in the brain tissue

Answer 55

intracerebral hematoma

Question 56

what is the best modality to visualize skull and facial fractures?

Answer 56

CT

Question 57

what does air seen in orbital soft tissues indicate?

Answer 57

fracture of ethmoid

Question 58

what does opacification of the maxillary sinus indicate?

Answer 58

fracture of orbital floor

Question 59

any abnormality of the blood vessels in the brain

Answer 59

cerebrovascular disease

Question 60

what are the 2 modality choices for evaluation of a stroke?

Answer 60

CT | MRI

Question 61

why is contrast material not used for stroke protocol?

Answer 61

it's toxic and can actually cause harm to infarcted area it can obstruct the view of a bleed

Question 62

an area of necrosis in an organ

Answer 62

infarction

Question 63

how does a hemorrhagic stroke appear on a radiographic image?

Answer 63

radiopaque

Question 64

how does an old hemorrhagic stroke appear on a radiographic iamge?

Answer 64

radiolucent

Question 65

idiopathic disease that destroys the myelin around the brain tissue

Answer 65

multiple sclerosis

Question 66

fatty layer that surround the brain matter

Answer 66

myelin

Question 67

what are the areas of the brain that are demyelinated refered to as?

Answer 67

lesions

Question 68

what is multiple sclerosis characterized by?

Answer 68

multiple episodes of relapse and remissions

Question 69

is there a cure for multiple sclerosis?

Answer 69

no

Question 70

what type of condition is epilepsy and convulsive disorders?

Answer 70

idiopathic

Question 71

mild muscular twitching

Answer 71

petit mal

Question 72

convulsions, foaming at the mouth, loss of control of urine

Answer 72

grand mal

Question 73

what does normal aging result in?

Answer 73

atrophy of brain tissue surrounding ventricles | enlargement of the ventricles

Question 74

progressive decline in memory, attention, language, and problem solving skills

Answer 74

dementia

Question 75

progressive atrophy and dementia at an earlier age than normal

Answer 75

alzheimer's disease

Question 76

characterized by involuntary tremor

Answer 76

parkinson's disease

Question 77

idiopathic, not diagnosed radiographically, loss of motor function

Answer 77

lou gehrig's disease

Question 78

what does lou gehrig's disease lead to?

Answer 78

paralysis and weakness of respiratory function

Question 79

dilaton of the ventricular system caused by obstruction of flow of CSF

Answer 79

hydrocephalus