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PATHOLOGY 250 > Chapter 8 - CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 organs make up the CNS?

A

brain

spinal cord

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2
Q

what 3 sections make up the brain?

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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3
Q

largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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4
Q

elevations of the brain

A

gyri

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5
Q

grooves of the brain

A

sulci

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6
Q

deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

A

longitudinal sulcus

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7
Q

a fold of dura mater that lies within this fissure; changes in it’s normal position often indicates pathology

A

falx cerebri

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8
Q

what connects the right and left hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

located posterior and under cerebrum

A

cerebellum

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10
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem from top to bottom?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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11
Q

portion of the brain that connects the pons and spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

where does the spinal cord extend to?

A

L1/L2 disk space

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13
Q

pointed end of spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

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14
Q

spinal nerves below the termination of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

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15
Q

continuous, protective membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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16
Q

what are the 3 meninges from outer to inner?

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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17
Q

space between the bone and dura mater

A

epidural space

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18
Q

outermost membrane; strong, fibrous

A

dura mater

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19
Q

space between the dura mater and arachnoid

A

subdural space

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20
Q

middle membrane

A

arachnoid

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21
Q

space between arachnoid and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

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22
Q

where is the Cerebral Spinal Fluid located?

A

subarachnoid space

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23
Q

communicates with the ventricles of the brain

A

subarachnoid space

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24
Q

an area of the subarachnoid space that is increased in width, located at the base of the brain

A

cisterna magna

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25
Q

inner membrane; highly vascular and closely adhered to brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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26
Q

what are the 4 cerebral spinal fluid containing cavaties in the brain?

A

right
left
third
fourth

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27
Q

fluid around the brain and spinal cord to provide cushion

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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28
Q

how do ventricles communicate with each other?

A

through connecting channels

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29
Q

which ventricle does CSF exit out of to communicate with the subarachnoid space?

A

fourth ventricle

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30
Q

exam where contrast is injected into the subarachnoid space

A

myelogram

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31
Q

injection into the subarachnoid space

A

intrathecal injection

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32
Q

where is the puncture made at for a myelogram?

A

L2-L3 or L3-L4

33
Q

what type of contrast is used for a myelogram?

A

water-soluble, nonionic, iodinated contrast

34
Q

what should you do if contrast has moved into the cervical area of the patient?

A

position head in acute extension to compress cistern magna and prevent contrast from entering ventricles of the brain

35
Q

why is a myelogram performed?

A

to demonstrate spinal cord compression

36
Q

treats compression fractures of the vertebral bodies

A

vertebroplasty & kyphoplasty

37
Q

the injection of radiopague bone cement into a compression fracture under fluoroscopic guidance

A

percutaneous vertebroplasty

38
Q

how is percutaneous kyphoplasty different from percutaneous vertebroplasty?

A

a balloon catheter is used to expand the compressed vertebral body before injection of the bone cement

39
Q

inflammation of the meninges

A

meningitis

40
Q

what are the 2 types of meningitis?

A

bacterial

viral

41
Q

what is done to determine the cause of meningitis?

A

spinal tap

42
Q

inflammation of the brain

A

encephalitis

43
Q

what is encephalitis caused by?

A

virus

44
Q

collection of pus in the brain

A

brain abscess

45
Q

what is a brain abscess usually a result of?

A

infections of the middle ear or sinuses

46
Q

accumulation of pus between the dura and arachnoid

A

subdural empyema

47
Q

accumulation of pus inbetween the skull and dura

A

epidural empyema

48
Q

inflammation of bone

A

osteomyelitis

49
Q

what is osteomyelitis caused by?

A

bacteria

50
Q

what modality is best for demonstrating CNS tumors?

A

MRI

51
Q

bleed between skull and dura mater due to trauma

A

epidural hematoma

52
Q

how do head bleeds show up on a radiographic image?

A

radiopaque

53
Q

bleed between dura and arachnoid due to trauma

A

subdural hematoma

54
Q

injury to brain tissue after trauma to the skull; a bruise with no hemorrhage involved

A

cerebral contusion

55
Q

bleed in the brain tissue

A

intracerebral hematoma

56
Q

what is the best modality to visualize skull and facial fractures?

A

CT

57
Q

what does air seen in orbital soft tissues indicate?

A

fracture of ethmoid

58
Q

what does opacification of the maxillary sinus indicate?

A

fracture of orbital floor

59
Q

any abnormality of the blood vessels in the brain

A

cerebrovascular disease

60
Q

what are the 2 modality choices for evaluation of a stroke?

A

CT

MRI

61
Q

why is contrast material not used for stroke protocol?

A

it’s toxic and can actually cause harm to infarcted area

it can obstruct the view of a bleed

62
Q

an area of necrosis in an organ

A

infarction

63
Q

how does a hemorrhagic stroke appear on a radiographic image?

A

radiopaque

64
Q

how does an old hemorrhagic stroke appear on a radiographic iamge?

A

radiolucent

65
Q

idiopathic disease that destroys the myelin around the brain tissue

A

multiple sclerosis

66
Q

fatty layer that surround the brain matter

A

myelin

67
Q

what are the areas of the brain that are demyelinated refered to as?

A

lesions

68
Q

what is multiple sclerosis characterized by?

A

multiple episodes of relapse and remissions

69
Q

is there a cure for multiple sclerosis?

A

no

70
Q

what type of condition is epilepsy and convulsive disorders?

A

idiopathic

71
Q

mild muscular twitching

A

petit mal

72
Q

convulsions, foaming at the mouth, loss of control of urine

A

grand mal

73
Q

what does normal aging result in?

A

atrophy of brain tissue surrounding ventricles

enlargement of the ventricles

74
Q

progressive decline in memory, attention, language, and problem solving skills

A

dementia

75
Q

progressive atrophy and dementia at an earlier age than normal

A

alzheimer’s disease

76
Q

characterized by involuntary tremor

A

parkinson’s disease

77
Q

idiopathic, not diagnosed radiographically, loss of motor function

A

lou gehrig’s disease

78
Q

what does lou gehrig’s disease lead to?

A

paralysis and weakness of respiratory function

79
Q

dilaton of the ventricular system caused by obstruction of flow of CSF

A

hydrocephalus

PATHOLOGY 250 (9 decks)

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