Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
Often put into multiple categories
Disease classifications
Study of disease
Pathology
Caused by a bacteria, virus, or fungus
Infectious
Present at birth
Congenital
Passed from parent to child
Hereditary
Develops after birth
Acquired
Dysfunction of the immune system; the body attacks itself
Autoimmune
Disturbance of normal functions of the body
Metabolic
Deterioration of the body associated with the aging process
Degenerative
Formation of tumors
Neoplastic
Caused by the physician
Iatrogenic
Caused by trauma
Traumatic
No known cause
Idiopathic
Anything that is wrong with the body
Disease
Changes that are measurable; objective
Signs
Changes that are not measurable; subjective
Symptoms
Acquired while hospitalized
Nosocomial infections
Acquired outside hospital
Community-acquired infections
What are the 6 reaction types to disease
- Inflammation
- Edema
- Ischemia
- Infarction
- Hemorrhage
- Alterations of cell growth (tumors)
The vascular response to bodily injury
Inflammation
5 clinical signs of inflammation
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of Function
What is redness and heat caused by?
Increased blood flow in the microcirculation at the site of injury
What is swelling and pain caused by?
Blood escapes from blood vessels and puts pressure on nerve endings
Usually in the lung, where fibrous scar tissue replaces the injured tissue; indicates an area of old inflammation
Granuloma
Invasion of the body by a disease-causing bacteria, virus, or fungus
Infection
The vascular response to bodily injury
Inflammation
Can you have inflammation without infection?
Yes
What causes inflammation?
Infection
Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid
Edema
Restricted to a particular location
Localized
Pronounced swelling throughout the body
Generalized
Edema in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
Edema in the pericardial space
Pericardial effusion
Edema in the peritoneal space
Peritoneal ascites
A decreased supply of blood to an organ
Ischemia
Tissue death due to ischemia
Infarct
An area of dead tissue
Necrosis
Massive bleeding caused by a ruptured vessel
Hemorrhage
Blood in the pleural space
Hemothorax
Blood in the pericardial space
Hemopericardium
Blood in the peritoneal space
Henoperitoneum
Blood in a joint
Hemarthrosis
A collection of extravasated blood under the skin (superficial or deep)
Hematoma
Leakage of fluid from a blood vessel into surrounding tissue
Extravasation
Decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue
Atrophy
Increase in size of cells
Hypertrophy
Small size due to abnormal growth and development
Hypoplasia and Aplasia
Increase in the number of cells
Hyperplasia
Abnormal growth or development; not smaller or bigger just not correct
Dysplasia
New growth
Neoplasia
Tumors
Neoplasms
Study of tumors
Oncology
Non cancerous but can still cause problems
Benign
Benign tumor of fibrous tissue
Fibroma
Benign tumor of cartilage
Chondroma
Benign tumor of glandular tissue
Adenoma
Benign tumor of cysts
Cystadenoma
Benign tumor of fat
Lipoma
Benign tumor of muscle
Myoma
Benign tumor of blood vessels
Angioma
Area of old inflammation
Granuloma
Cancerous
Malignant
Cancer that begins in the skin or linings of organs (skin, breast, lung, colon)
Carcinoma
Cancer that begins in connective tissue (bone, muscle)
Sarcoma
Cancer of the blood
Leukemia
Uncontrolled growth of destructive cells
Cancer
To spread to other sites
Metastasize
Something that causes cancer (cigarettes, sun, X-rays)
Carcinogen
Well defined tumor
Differentiated
Tumor that is not well defined
Undifferentiated
Cancer spread by way of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic spread
Cancer spread by way of the blood vessels
Hematogenous spread
Treatments for cancer
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Hormonal therapy
Chemotherapy
Scar tissue that binds together two pieces of anatomy that are normally seperate (usually in the abdomen)
Adhesions
Developing slowly and persisting for a long period
Chronic
Sudden onset
Acute
The study of the cause of disease
Etiology
Identification of a disease
Diagnosis
The prediction of the course of outcome of a disease (how much time)
Prognosis
Generic term used to describe the many types of cellular changes that can occur in response to disease
Lesion
Bacteria that leads to the formation of pus
Pyogenic bacteria
A localized, usually encapsulated collection of pus
Abscess
What does non invasive mean?
No break in the skin
shows up black on an ultrasound
Hypoechoic
shows up white on an ultrasound
Hyperechoic
Major advantage to ultrasound?
Safety
Cystic
Fluid
Unobstructed; intact
Patent
Narrowing
Stenosis
What type of beam does CT use?
Attenuated
What does window width refer to?
Contrast
What does CTA stand for?
CT angiography
What happens in MRI when rf pulse is on?
The protons in the body absorb energy
What happens in MRI when rf pulse is off?
The protons of the body release that energy
What does MRI use?
Algorithms
The releasing of energy
Relaxation
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
A drug that emits radiation
What is the radiation detected by?
A gamma camera
Displays physiological information
Nuclear medicine
Type of nuc med that creates 3D images
SPECT
Same as nuc med but meds are different
PET
