Chapter 5 - GI Flashcards
Double-walled membranous sac that encloses the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Alimentary tract
Space behind peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
Largest gland in the body
Liver
Which 2 vessels give the liver both it’s blood supply?
Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Supplies oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta
Hepatic artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from digestive system to be filtered by the liver
Portal vein
What is the primary function of the liver?
Production of bile
What does the biliary system consist of?
Bile ducts and gallbladder
How many hepatic ducts are in the liver?
2 (Right&Left)
Which 2 ducts connect to form the common hepatic duct?
Right and left hepatic ducts
Which 2 ducts unite to form the common bile duct?
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Which duct does the common bile duct unite with?
What is is called?
The pancreatic duct
Ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)
What controls the opening of the ampulla of vater into the duodenum
Sphincter of oddi
Function of the gallbladder?
Store and concentrate bile
The visualization of the interior of the GI tract with a fiber optic camera
Endoscopy
Surgically created opening of the intestine through the abdominal wall for fecal passage
Colostomy
An abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus
Congenital Tracheoesophageal Fistula
The esophagus ends in a blind pouch
Congenital esophageal atresia
The absence of a normal body opening
Atresia
What does GERD stand for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What most commonly causes esophagitis?
GERD
What is GERD?
Reflux of the stomach contents into te esophagus
Dilated veins in the esophagus
Esophageal varices
What are esophageal varices usually associated with?
Alcoholism
Term that means an opening
Hiatus
An abnormal protrusion of an organ through an opening
Hernia
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
The inability of the cardiac sphincter to relax
Achalasia
Inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
Areas of erosion in the stomach or duodenum
Ulcers
What is the best view for the duodenum?
RAO
Congenital narrowing of the pyloric canal
Pyloric stenosis
What are ulcers caused by?
Excessive stomach acid and bacteria
What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Which inflammatory bowel disease is in the small bowel?
Crohn’s disease
Which inflammatory bowel disease is in the colon?
Ulcerative colitis
Also known as Reginal Enteritis
Crohn’s disease
Usually in the terminal ileum but can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract
Crohn’s disease
Which age group is Crohn’s disease mostly common in?
Young adults
What does early stage of Crohn’s disease look like on an x-ray?
Cobblestone
What does late stage of Crohn’s disease look like on an x-ray?
String sign
Prolapse of the bowel into itself “telescoping”
Intussuception
Scar tissue that binds two pieces of anatomy that are normally separate
Adhesions
Twisting of a bowel loop on itself
Volvulus
“Obstruction “due to lack of peristalsis
Ileus
Inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
Out pouching’s of the colon
Diverticulas
Inflammation of the diverticula
Diverticulitis
The condition of having several diverticula
Diverticulosis
Escape of contrast from the normal lumen
Extravasation
What does the radiographic appearance of diverticula look like?
Extravasation
Abnormal growth that protrudes into the lumen of the bowel; precancerous
Polyps
Inflammation of the colon only
Ulcerative colitis
What’s the radiographic appearance of ulcerative colitis?
Granular
What’s the radiographic difference between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis?
There are no “skip areas “
What is chronic ulcerative colitis characterized by?
lead-pipe sign
Diagnosed by a collection of symptoms and everything else is ruled out
Irritable bowel syndrome
A functional disorder of the colon
Irritable bowel syndrome
Usually caused by cancer
Large bowel obstruction
What is cancer of the colon commonly characterized by?
“Apple-core” sign
What is IBD?
Inflammatory bowel disease
What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerated colitis
What does IBS stand for?
Irritable bowel syndrome
Is irritable bowel syndrome a functional problem or a mechanical problem?
Both
What is irritable bowel syndrome characterized by?
Cramping
Diarrhea
What is IBS caused by?
Peristalsis being too fast
X-ray of the gallbladder; obsolete
Cholecystogram
X-ray of the biliary ducts of the liver
Cholangiogram
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Cholecystectomy
What are the two ways to have a cholecystectomy?
Laparoscopic
Open surgery
The presence of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
What is cholecystitis usually caused by?
Obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstone
Varicose veins of the rectum
Hemorrhoids
An end-stage liver disease usually caused by alcoholism
Cirrhosis
What happens to the liver with cirrhosis?
Fibrous scar tissue replaces destroyed liver cells
Free air in the peritoneal cavity
Pneumoperitoneum
Why is the left lateral decubitus preferred over the right lateral decubitus?
Because free air contrasts with the liver and it shows up better in a left
What are the 3 special procedures involving the biliary system?
PTC
Post-op T-tube Cholangiography
ERCP
During a cholangiogram, where is the T-tube placed?
Common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
What is cannulized during an ERCP?
The ampulla of Vater
What is an ERCP used to visualize?
Abnormalities in the biliary system or pancreas
Why is contrast injected in a cholangiogram after the gallbladder is removed?
To demonstrate the patency of the ducts in the status of the sphincter of Oddi
