Chapter 8: Cardiorespiratory Training: Physiology, Assessments, and Programming

Question 1

Arteries

Answer 1

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities.

Question 2

Capillaries

Answer 2

The smallest type of blood vessels that supply blood to the tissues and the site where the gases and nutrients exchange.

Question 3

Veins

Answer 3

Blood vessels that carry the deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 4

Plasma

Answer 4

The liquid portion of blood.

Question 5

Arterioles

Answer 5

Small diameter blood vessels that extend and branch out from an artery and lead to the capillaries.

Question 6

Venules

Answer 6

Smaller divisions of veins.

Question 7

Aorta

Answer 7

The major artery of the cardiovascular system.

Question 8

Pulmonary Circuit

Answer 8

The circulatory vessels of the lungs.

Question 9

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 9

The period from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next one.

Question 10

Inspiration

Answer 10

The drawing of air into the lungs; in halation.

Question 11

Diaphragm

Answer 11

The most important muscle of inspiration, the only skeletal muscle essential for life.

Question 12

Expiration

Answer 12

The act of expelling air frorn the lungs; exhalation.

Question 13

Thorax

Answer 13

The part of the trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck.

Question 14

Tidal Volume

Answer 14

The volume of air inspired per breath.

Question 15

Slow twitch muscle fibers

Answer 15

A muscle fiber type designed for use of aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for low- intensity, longer-duration activities such as walking and swimming.

Question 16

Maximal Heart Rate

Answer 16

The highest heart rate a person can attain. Sometimes abbreviated as HRmax.

Question 17

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2 Max)

Answer 17

Considered the best indicator of cardiovascular endurance, it is the maximal amount of oxygen (mL) that a person can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight.

Question 18

Lactate Threshold

Answer 18

The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production.

Question 19

Steady State

Answer 19

Constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen uptake is meeting the energy requirements of the activity.

Question 20

Oxygen Uptake

Answer 20

The process by which oxygen is used to produce energy for cellular work; also called oxygen consumption.

Question 21

Heat Exhaustion

Answer 21

The most common heat-
related illness; usually the result of intense exercise in a hot, humid environment and
characterized by profuse sweating, which results in fluid and electrolyte loss, a drop in blood pressure, lightheadedness, nausea,
vomiting, decreased coordination, and often syncope (fainting).

Question 22

Heat Stroke

Answer 22

A medical emergency that is the most serious form of heat illness due to heat overload and/or impairment of the body’s ability to dissipate heat; characterized by high body temperature (>105’ F or 40.5’ C), dry, red skin, altered level of consciousness, seizures, coma, and possibly death.

Question 23

Hypothermia

Answer 23

Abnormally low body temperature.

Question 24

Frostbite

Answer 24

An injury caused by freezing the skin and underlying tissues.

Question 25

Heart Rate Reserve

Answer 25

The reserve capacity of the heart; the difference between maximal heart rate and resting heart rate. It reflects the heart’s ability to increase the rate of beating and cardiac output above resting level to maximal intensity.

Question 26

Ratings of Perceived Exertion

Answer 26

A scale, originally developed by noted Swedish psychologist Gunnar Borg, that provides a standard means for evaluating a participant’s perception of exercise effort. The original scale ranged from 6 to 20; a revised category ratio scale ranges from 0 to 10.

Question 27

Metabolic Equivalent

Answer 27

A simplified system for classifying physical activities where one MET is equal to the resting oxygen uptake, which is approximately 3,5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (3.5 mg/kg/min).

Question 28

VO2 Reserve

Answer 28

The difference between VO2max and VO2 at rest.

Question 29

Circuit Training

Answer 29

A form of training that takes the participant though a series of exercise station with brief rest intervals in between.

Question 30

Fartlek Training

Answer 30

A form of training during which the exerciser randomly changes the aerobic intensity based on how he or she is feeling. Also called speed play.

Question 31

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Answer 31

A condition, such as asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, in which there is chronic obstruction of air flow.

Question 32

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation

Answer 32

The point in time during high-intensity exercise at which the production of lactic acid exceeds the body’s capacity to eliminate it; after this point, oxygen is insufficient at meeting the body’s demands for energy.