Chapter 8: Cancer Flashcards
1
Q
What does AYA stand for in the context of cancer statistics?
A
Adolescent Young Adult
2
Q
How many AYA individuals (ages 15-39) are diagnosed with cancer yearly?
A
1.2 million
3
Q
How many young women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year?
A
170,000
4
Q
What is the number of deaths due to breast cancer worldwide?
A
43,000
5
Q
How many individuals are diagnosed with cancer yearly in Canada?
A
9,000
6
Q
What is the highest incidence of cancer among young women?
A
Breast cancer
7
Q
What does DALY stand for in health statistics?
A
Disability Adjusted Life Years
8
Q
What is the yearly diagnosis rate of breast cancer in Canada?
A
1,300
9
Q
What is a significant barrier to breast cancer screening for young women?
A
No regular screening opportunities
10
Q
Why is mammography ineffective for women under 40?
A
Mammograms do not work under 40 as breast tissue is not dense enough
11
Q
What type of breast cancer has a higher risk in young women?
A
Inflammatory breast cancer
12
Q
What is a trend regarding breast cancer in young women?
A
Increasing prevalence associated with poorer prognosis
13
Q
What are some barriers to help-seeking for young women regarding breast cancer? (SPECKD)
A
- Contextual barriers (ethnicity)
- Knowledge barriers
- Developmental barriers (lack of awareness)
- Emotional barriers (lack of confidence)
- Practical barriers (too busy)
- Service barriers (no doctor)
14
Q
True or False: Young women have lower recurrence rates of breast cancer compared to older women.
A
False
15
Q
What is the emerging issue highlighted regarding breast cancer in young women?
A
Increasing trend in prevalence with more aggressive features
16
Q
What is the new Team Shan Slogan?
A
Young women… get breast cancer too
17
Q
What is the purpose of Team Shan?
A
To educate public, health care professionals, and young women about early detection and risk reduction
18
Q
What are the 2 goals of Team Shan?
A
Increase early detection
Improve outcomes
19
Q
How many young adult cancers occur in young women?
A
2/3
20
Q
How much of breast cancer is genetic?
A
5-10%
21
Q
T or F: Most cancer in young adult age group is sporadic and random
A
True
22
Q
How much is known about risk factors of AYA cancers?
A
Little
23
Q
Symptoms of young adult cancer
A
Lumps in neck, abdomen, testicle and abnormal pigmented skin lesion
24
Q
What is the most common cancer in men between 15-39?
A
Testicular cancer
25
In terms of diagnosis delays is age ASSUMED a protective factor?
Yes, not true tho
26
Common AYA cancer symptoms
Lumps in neck, abdomen, testicle and abnormal pigmented skin
27
How many young adults are diagnosed with cancer in Canada each year?
8600
28
How many young women in Ontario are diagnosed with breast cancer yearly?
400
29
1 in blank women will face breast cancer in her lifetime?
1 in 8
30
Which universities did team Shan partner with?
Fanshawe and Western
31
What year did Team Shan become a national charity?
2010
32
What was Team Shans old slogan?
Breast cancer… not just a disease of old women
33
Messaging of Team Shan?
Facts
Risk Factors
Self Care
Prevention
Risk Reduction
Symptoms
34
Why are cancers more aggressive in young women?
Due to hormones
35
What percent of breast cancers present with breast lumps?
Only 80% and breasts are lumpy
36
Why should you not do a breast check on your period?
As your breasts can be lumpy and not like normal during your period
37
What type of lumps need to be checked?
Perisistant and unexpected lumps
38
Uncontrollable breast cancer risk factors
Age
African or Northern Europe ancestry
Early menstruation
High levels of radiation
39
Controllable risk factors of breast cancer
Poor diet
Alcohol misuse
Use of oral contraceptives
Delayed childbirth
Not breastfeeding
40
Breast cancer symptoms?
Exhausted 24/7
Breast leakage
Breast looking like an orange peel
Nipple swelling
Puckering of the breast
Nipple inverts
41
How far does breast tissue extend?
Under the armpit to the collarbone
42
What are some prevention methods for cancer in women?
Pap tests
HPV vaccine
Breastfeeding
Using contraceptives
Early detection
43
What is on the skin deep website?
Checks makeup and skincare for carcinogens
44
What is the # Team Shan used?
#BestToCheck
45
How many people have noticed the Team Shan ads?
92%
46
What was campaign feedback from young women of Team Shan?
Positive and young women enjoyed not being left out
47
What kind of approach did team Shan use to increase awareness?
A multifaceted approach
Her face and cause catches attention
48
Is palliative care in young people a taboo?
Yes it is not talked about
49
What are palliative care help centers?
LivingOutLoud.life (virtual hospice)
National Framework on Palliative care in Canada
RNAO (registered nursing association) has palliative care best practice guidelines
50
A message from Shan:
Love what you are doing, have fun and stay positive
51
How many Canadians will develop cancer?
2/5 Canadians will develop cancer
52
96% of cancer deaths occur over what age?
50
53
What percent of people are expected to survive cancer?
64%
54
If caught early these cancers have 91% survival rates 5 years post diagnosis
Thyroid, testicular, prostate
55
What is the greatest avoidable risk factor of cancer?
Smoking
56
How many deaths is tobacco responsible for?
33%
57
What percent of cancers can be prevented by diet and physical activity?
40%
58
What are 5 risk factors of cancer?
Smoking, diet, physical activity, obesity, alcohol
59
What is cancer?
Abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells
60
What is another word for tumour?
A neoplasm
61
What is a tumour? What are the two types?
Mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
Benign (wart), or malignant (aggressive and growing)
62
When are benign tumours dangerous?
Only dangerous if physical presence interferes with daily functions (ex blocking blood supply)
63
In 2021 cancer claimed the lived of how many Canadians?
84600
64
What is malignant cancer?
Invades blood vessels, lymphatic system, and nerves
Leukaemia is not a mass but is rapid, uncontrolled cell multiplication
65
How many cells does it take to make a mass the size of a pea?
1 billion cells
66
Tumour development stage 1:
Altered cell grows normally when it wouldn’t, reproduces too much (hyperplasia)
67
Tumour development stage 2:
Additional mutations lead to dysplasia (which may of may not develop into cancer)
68
Tumour development stage 3:
Affected cells become more abnormal in shape and behaviour
In situ cancer is diagnosed if abnormal cells are found in the location they first formed
May remained or acquire more mutations
69
Tumour development stage 4:
Abnormal cells may invade nearby tissue causing localized invasive cancer
Tumour has not spread from organ of origin
70
Tumour development stage 5:
Tumour spreads to lymphatic or blood vessels, cells can then travel to distant sites and establish new tumours (metastases) throughout the body
71
What is Metastasis?
Spreading of cancer cells from original site of origin
Breaks through lymph or blood vessel sand recruits cells to move throughout the body
72
What is a principal method of predicting the disease (cancer) outcome?
Counting the number of lymph nodes that contain cancer cells
73
What are envoy cells?
Create proteins that attract the free floating cancer cells, allowing them to gather at a new site
74
What is the seeding process of tumours called?
Called metastasizing, new tumours are called secondary or mestastases
75
What are early symptoms of leukaemia?
Diagnosed from fatigue, infection or abnormal bleeding
76
What is cancer stage 0?
Precancerous (carcinoma in situ)
77
What does in situ mean?
Means abnormal cells are found
78
What is cancer stage 1?
Tumour is small and still at primary organ
79
What is cancer stage 2/3?
Tumour is larger and has grown outside organ and into nearby tissue
80
What is cancer stage 4?
Cancer has spread through blood or lymphatic system to distant site in body (metastatic spread)
81
What is remission?
Signs and symptoms of cancer are under control, rarely occurs spontaneously
82
Do cancer cells lose resemblance to normal tissue as they continue to multiply?
Yes they become more unpredictable
83
What 2 cancers are highly prevalent in both men and women?
Lung cancer and colorectal cancer
84
What are carcinomas?
Arise from epithelia tissue that cover external body surfaces, most common type of cancer
Major sites such as skin, breasts, uterus, prostate, and lungs
85
What is a Sarcoma?
Arise from connective and fibrous tissue such as muscle, bone, cartilage and membranes covering muscles and fat
86
What are lymphomas?
Cancers of the lymph node
87
Where does leukemia reside?
Reside in bone marrow
88
What is oncology?
Study of tumours
89
What does a hematologist study?
Blood disorders and cancers of the blood (lymphoma and leukaemia)
90
How much has the 5 year survival rate of cancer increased since the 90’s?
9% from 55 to 64
91
What percent of women and men will develop cancer at some point in their lives?
44% of men
43% of women
92
Do women have a greater biological vulnerability to certain cancers?
Yes! Like lung cancer when smoking
93
Why are men most likely to get and die from cancer?
Due to higher rates of exposure and less use of preventative measures
94
What year was the highest cancer death rate?
1988
95
What percent of skin cancer can be prevented by using sunscreen in first 18 years of life?
78%
96
What percent of lung cancer can be prevented by avoiding smoking?
72%
97
What is the most common cause of cancer death in Canada?
13% of new cancer diagnosis
Kills 21 000 yearly
It is more common in First Nations women
98
How many cancer cases were diagnosed in 2018?
17 million
99
How many cancer deaths are associated with tobacco smoke?
30% of cancer deaths
85% of lung cancer deaths
100
How much can risk be multiplied with tobacco smoke?
By a factor of 10 or more
101
Does environmental smoke increase lung cancers?
Yes by 20-30%
102
What percent of lung cancer is preventable?
86%
103
When do symptoms of lung cancer appear?
Until it reaches invasive stages
104
What type of scan can detect lung cancer earlier?
Spiral CT can detect earlier than chest X-rays
105
What cells does lung cancer arise from?
Cells that line the bronchi
106
What percent of lung cancers are found before they spread?
21%
107
What is the difference of survival if lung cancer is caught at stage 1 versus stage 4?
Stage 1: 71% survive
Stage 4: 5% survive
108
What vaccines are being studied for lung cancer?
Phototherapy, gene therapy and immunotherapy
109
What percent of people ages 50+ get colon and rectal cancer?
56%
110
Which foods increase risks of colon and rectal cancer?
Refined carbs, simple sugars, and smoked meat and fish
111
What is a Sigmoidoscopy
Examines colon and biopsy polyps
Fibre optic device every 10 years
112
What is the 5 year survival rate of colon cancer?
66% men
67% women
113
If you have a first degree relative with breast cancer what is your increased risk? What about your mom or sister?
2x
3x
114
What are digital mammograms good for?
Can detect tumours in more dense breast tissue, good for under 50
115
What percent of survival do u have if a breast lump is caught before spreading?
100% 5 year survival
116
What is the survival rate across all ages at 5 years for breast cancer?
87%
117
What are new strategies for breast cancer?
SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulators
Aromatose inhibitors
118
What is genetic predisposition for prostate cancer?
5-20%
119
What race is prostate cancer most prevalent in?
Black men
120
Can u have prostate cancer with a normal prostate specific antigen?
Yes u can
121
What is the 5 year survival rate of prostate cancer?
94%
122
What cancers is HPV related to?
Cervix, penis, anus, vagina, mouth and throat
123
What percent of HPV infections can be prevented by a vaccine?
92%
124
How many people are diagnosed with cervical cancer in Canada?
1450
125
What percent of sexually active people will develop an HPV infection?
75%
126
What is screening for HPV?
Pap test, abnormal calls are called cervical dysplasia
Get Pap tests starting at 21 for sexually active people, 25 and up (not sexually active) every 3 years
127
What is Gardasil 1?
Protects 4 types of HPV viruses, 2 cause 70% of cervical cancer, 2 cause 90% of anogenital warts
128
What is Gardasil 9?
Prevents 14% of anogenital warts caused by 5 HPV types
129
What is Ceravix?
Protects 2 types of HPV that cause 70% of cervical cancer
Approved for females 9-45 years
130
True or False: Ovarian Cancer has warning signs?
False
131
What people are most likely to get ovarian cancer?
Often 60+, no pregnancy, BRCA1 and BRCA2
132
How much has melanoma increased since 1984?
1.4% females
2.2% males
133
A blistering sunburn before what age increases melanoma risk later?
Before 20
134
What are the two types of UV?
UVA- aging
UVB- sunburn
135
White people are at what increased risk of melanoma?
10x
136
What are the different types of skin cancer?
Melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
137
What skin cancers make up 99% of skin cancers diagnosed?
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
138
Where is most common skin cancers found and what do they look like?
Found on arms, hands, face and neck
Appear red, scaly and sharply outlined
appear pale wax like and pearly nodules
Often painless but can crust and bleed
139
Does melanoma appear on a pre existing mole?
Yes!
140
How much UV is on a sunny day compared to a cloudy day?
Clear sky: 100%
Cloudy: 89%
141
What percent of skin cancers are family diagnosed?
17%
142
What is the ABCDE test for melanoma?
Asymmetry (one half doesn’t match the other)
Border (irregular and ragged)
Colour (Not evenly coloured ex pink and black)
Diameter (larger than 6mm or 0.5 cm)
Evolving (changing in size, shape or colour)
143
What is the 5 year survival rate of melanoma?
90%
144
What is the 5 year survival rate of thyroid cancer?
97%
145
What is tonsil and tongue cancer due to?
HPV infection
146
How much more frequent is oral cancer in men over 45?
2x more likely
147
Who is testicular cancer more common in?
Caucasian men
148
What are testicular cancer risks?
Being tall, undescended testicles, diethylstilbestol (DES) synthetic estrogen taken by mom
149
Why is Pancreatic Cancer hard to find?
It’s in a hidden location in the body
Seldom cured
150
What are risk factors for pancreatic cancer?
Male, obese, sedentary, 65+, pancreatitis, diabetes, red meats and fats
151
T or F: Stomach cancer is most common in most parts of the word
True
152
What are the risk factors of stomach cancer?
Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori (causes ulcers), diets high in smoked, salted or pickled fish and meat
153
What people is bladder cancer more prevalent by 3x?
Men and smokers
154
Is kidney cancer difficult to treat?
Yes only 71% survival rate
155
What is a risk of Brain Cancer?
Ionizing radiation (X-ray)
156
What are the two types of lymphoma?
Hodgkins and non-hodgkins lymphoma
Non- hodgkins is more deadly
157
How much has lymphoma dropped by since 1984?
70%
Still 5th most common cancer
158
What is multiple myeloma?
Malignant plasma cells
159
What is monoclonal gammopathy?
Undetermined significance
160
What are mutagens?
Environmental agents (radiation, viruses and chem substances)
161
What are Ocegenes?
Mutations convert normal cells into cancer cells
In undamaged form oncogenes are tumour suppressors
162
What percent of oncogenes are involved in cancer?
50-60%
163
When was the BRCA1 gene identified? How common is it?
Identified in 1994 and is mutated 1 in 300
164
When was the BRCA2 gene identified? How common is it?
Identified in 1995, occurs in 1 in 800
165
How common is BRCA2 in ashkenazi Jews?
1 in 40
166
How much does ovarian surgery reduce breast cancer and gynelogical cancer?
Reduces Brest cancer by 47% and reduced gynelogical cancers by 80%
167
What is a cancer promoter?
They do not produce DNA mutations but accelerate it
Carcinogenic agents
168
Which are better for you Omega - 6 polyunsaturated fats or Omega- 3 ?
Omega-3
169
If you use alcohol and tobacco what is your combined oral cancer risk?
30x
170
What vitamins and minerals are anti carcinogens?
C, E, selenium
171
What vitamins are carotenoids?
Vitamin A
172
What do anticarcinogen and carotenoids act as?
Antioxidants that prevent free radicals from damaging DNA and other cell components
173
What are phytochemicals?
Plant substances that fight against chemical diseases
174
What is sulphorphane?
Found in broccoli: Liver and kidney produce higher levels of protective enzymes
175
Where does calcium inhibit cell growth?
In the colon
176
What does folic acid do?
Inhibits cells from transforming into malignant cells
177
How many cancers could be prevented from behaviour change ?
4 in 10
178
T or F: Vapes are better than cigs
False
179
What are common myths that are said to give u breast cancer?
Bras
Antiperspirant
Microwaves
Reusing plastic water bottles
180
Can chemo drugs affect people who work with them?
Yes, can cause brith defects and can cause leukemia
181
What percent of cancer is caused by microbes?
15-20%
182
What is the Epstein Barr-Virus?
Causes mononucleosis and contributes to Hodgkin’s lymphoma, pharynx and stomach cancer
183
What cancers does Hepatitis B and C cause?
80% of liver cancers
184
What cancers does Herpes- 8 cause?
Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphoma
185
What cancer does asbestos cause?
The small fibres cause mesothelioma and lung cancer
186
Which chemical poses a lung cancer threat to people who work underground?
Radon
187
How much more radiation does a body scan have than a mammogram?
Has 100x more radiation than a mammogram
