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Health Sci 1001A > Chapter 8: Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What does AYA stand for in the context of cancer statistics?

A

Adolescent Young Adult

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2
Q

How many AYA individuals (ages 15-39) are diagnosed with cancer yearly?

A

1.2 million

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3
Q

How many young women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year?

A

170,000

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4
Q

What is the number of deaths due to breast cancer worldwide?

A

43,000

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5
Q

How many individuals are diagnosed with cancer yearly in Canada?

A

9,000

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6
Q

What is the highest incidence of cancer among young women?

A

Breast cancer

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7
Q

What does DALY stand for in health statistics?

A

Disability Adjusted Life Years

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8
Q

What is the yearly diagnosis rate of breast cancer in Canada?

A

1,300

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9
Q

What is a significant barrier to breast cancer screening for young women?

A

No regular screening opportunities

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10
Q

Why is mammography ineffective for women under 40?

A

Mammograms do not work under 40 as breast tissue is not dense enough

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11
Q

What type of breast cancer has a higher risk in young women?

A

Inflammatory breast cancer

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12
Q

What is a trend regarding breast cancer in young women?

A

Increasing prevalence associated with poorer prognosis

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13
Q

What are some barriers to help-seeking for young women regarding breast cancer? (SPECKD)

A
  • Contextual barriers (ethnicity)
  • Knowledge barriers
  • Developmental barriers (lack of awareness)
  • Emotional barriers (lack of confidence)
  • Practical barriers (too busy)
  • Service barriers (no doctor)
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14
Q

True or False: Young women have lower recurrence rates of breast cancer compared to older women.

A

False

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15
Q

What is the emerging issue highlighted regarding breast cancer in young women?

A

Increasing trend in prevalence with more aggressive features

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16
Q

What is the new Team Shan Slogan?

A

Young women… get breast cancer too

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17
Q

What is the purpose of Team Shan?

A

To educate public, health care professionals, and young women about early detection and risk reduction

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18
Q

What are the 2 goals of Team Shan?

A

Increase early detection
Improve outcomes

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19
Q

How many young adult cancers occur in young women?

A

2/3

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20
Q

How much of breast cancer is genetic?

A

5-10%

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21
Q

T or F: Most cancer in young adult age group is sporadic and random

A

True

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22
Q

How much is known about risk factors of AYA cancers?

A

Little

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23
Q

Symptoms of young adult cancer

A

Lumps in neck, abdomen, testicle and abnormal pigmented skin lesion

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24
Q

What is the most common cancer in men between 15-39?

A

Testicular cancer

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25
Q

In terms of diagnosis delays is age ASSUMED a protective factor?

A

Yes, not true tho

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26
Q

Common AYA cancer symptoms

A

Lumps in neck, abdomen, testicle and abnormal pigmented skin

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27
Q

How many young adults are diagnosed with cancer in Canada each year?

A

8600

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28
Q

How many young women in Ontario are diagnosed with breast cancer yearly?

A

400

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29
Q

1 in blank women will face breast cancer in her lifetime?

A

1 in 8

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30
Q

Which universities did team Shan partner with?

A

Fanshawe and Western

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31
Q

What year did Team Shan become a national charity?

A

2010

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32
Q

What was Team Shans old slogan?

A

Breast cancer… not just a disease of old women

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33
Q

Messaging of Team Shan?

A

Facts
Risk Factors
Self Care
Prevention
Risk Reduction
Symptoms

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34
Q

Why are cancers more aggressive in young women?

A

Due to hormones

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35
Q

What percent of breast cancers present with breast lumps?

A

Only 80% and breasts are lumpy

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36
Q

Why should you not do a breast check on your period?

A

As your breasts can be lumpy and not like normal during your period

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37
Q

What type of lumps need to be checked?

A

Perisistant and unexpected lumps

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38
Q

Uncontrollable breast cancer risk factors

A

Age
African or Northern Europe ancestry
Early menstruation
High levels of radiation

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39
Q

Controllable risk factors of breast cancer

A

Poor diet
Alcohol misuse
Use of oral contraceptives
Delayed childbirth
Not breastfeeding

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40
Q

Breast cancer symptoms?

A

Exhausted 24/7
Breast leakage
Breast looking like an orange peel
Nipple swelling
Puckering of the breast
Nipple inverts

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41
Q

How far does breast tissue extend?

A

Under the armpit to the collarbone

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42
Q

What are some prevention methods for cancer in women?

A

Pap tests
HPV vaccine
Breastfeeding
Using contraceptives
Early detection

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43
Q

What is on the skin deep website?

A

Checks makeup and skincare for carcinogens

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44
Q

What is the # Team Shan used?

A

BestToCheck

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45
Q

How many people have noticed the Team Shan ads?

A

92%

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46
Q

What was campaign feedback from young women of Team Shan?

A

Positive and young women enjoyed not being left out

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47
Q

What kind of approach did team Shan use to increase awareness?

A

A multifaceted approach
Her face and cause catches attention

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48
Q

Is palliative care in young people a taboo?

A

Yes it is not talked about

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49
Q

What are palliative care help centers?

A

LivingOutLoud.life (virtual hospice)
National Framework on Palliative care in Canada
RNAO (registered nursing association) has palliative care best practice guidelines

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50
Q

A message from Shan:

A

Love what you are doing, have fun and stay positive

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51
Q

How many Canadians will develop cancer?

A

2/5 Canadians will develop cancer

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52
Q

96% of cancer deaths occur over what age?

A

50

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53
Q

What percent of people are expected to survive cancer?

A

64%

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54
Q

If caught early these cancers have 91% survival rates 5 years post diagnosis

A

Thyroid, testicular, prostate

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55
Q

What is the greatest avoidable risk factor of cancer?

A

Smoking

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56
Q

How many deaths is tobacco responsible for?

A

33%

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57
Q

What percent of cancers can be prevented by diet and physical activity?

A

40%

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58
Q

What are 5 risk factors of cancer?

A

Smoking, diet, physical activity, obesity, alcohol

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59
Q

What is cancer?

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells

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60
Q

What is another word for tumour?

A

A neoplasm

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61
Q

What is a tumour? What are the two types?

A

Mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
Benign (wart), or malignant (aggressive and growing)

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62
Q

When are benign tumours dangerous?

A

Only dangerous if physical presence interferes with daily functions (ex blocking blood supply)

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63
Q

In 2021 cancer claimed the lived of how many Canadians?

A

84600

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64
Q

What is malignant cancer?

A

Invades blood vessels, lymphatic system, and nerves
Leukaemia is not a mass but is rapid, uncontrolled cell multiplication

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65
Q

How many cells does it take to make a mass the size of a pea?

A

1 billion cells

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66
Q

Tumour development stage 1:

A

Altered cell grows normally when it wouldn’t, reproduces too much (hyperplasia)

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67
Q

Tumour development stage 2:

A

Additional mutations lead to dysplasia (which may of may not develop into cancer)

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68
Q

Tumour development stage 3:

A

Affected cells become more abnormal in shape and behaviour
In situ cancer is diagnosed if abnormal cells are found in the location they first formed
May remained or acquire more mutations

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69
Q

Tumour development stage 4:

A

Abnormal cells may invade nearby tissue causing localized invasive cancer
Tumour has not spread from organ of origin

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70
Q

Tumour development stage 5:

A

Tumour spreads to lymphatic or blood vessels, cells can then travel to distant sites and establish new tumours (metastases) throughout the body

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71
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Spreading of cancer cells from original site of origin
Breaks through lymph or blood vessel sand recruits cells to move throughout the body

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72
Q

What is a principal method of predicting the disease (cancer) outcome?

A

Counting the number of lymph nodes that contain cancer cells

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73
Q

What are envoy cells?

A

Create proteins that attract the free floating cancer cells, allowing them to gather at a new site

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74
Q

What is the seeding process of tumours called?

A

Called metastasizing, new tumours are called secondary or mestastases

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75
Q

What are early symptoms of leukaemia?

A

Diagnosed from fatigue, infection or abnormal bleeding

76
Q

What is cancer stage 0?

A

Precancerous (carcinoma in situ)

77
Q

What does in situ mean?

A

Means abnormal cells are found

78
Q

What is cancer stage 1?

A

Tumour is small and still at primary organ

79
Q

What is cancer stage 2/3?

A

Tumour is larger and has grown outside organ and into nearby tissue

80
Q

What is cancer stage 4?

A

Cancer has spread through blood or lymphatic system to distant site in body (metastatic spread)

81
Q

What is remission?

A

Signs and symptoms of cancer are under control, rarely occurs spontaneously

82
Q

Do cancer cells lose resemblance to normal tissue as they continue to multiply?

A

Yes they become more unpredictable

83
Q

What 2 cancers are highly prevalent in both men and women?

A

Lung cancer and colorectal cancer

84
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

Arise from epithelia tissue that cover external body surfaces, most common type of cancer
Major sites such as skin, breasts, uterus, prostate, and lungs

85
Q

What is a Sarcoma?

A

Arise from connective and fibrous tissue such as muscle, bone, cartilage and membranes covering muscles and fat

86
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Cancers of the lymph node

87
Q

Where does leukemia reside?

A

Reside in bone marrow

88
Q

What is oncology?

A

Study of tumours

89
Q

What does a hematologist study?

A

Blood disorders and cancers of the blood (lymphoma and leukaemia)

90
Q

How much has the 5 year survival rate of cancer increased since the 90’s?

A

9% from 55 to 64

91
Q

What percent of women and men will develop cancer at some point in their lives?

A

44% of men
43% of women

92
Q

Do women have a greater biological vulnerability to certain cancers?

A

Yes! Like lung cancer when smoking

93
Q

Why are men most likely to get and die from cancer?

A

Due to higher rates of exposure and less use of preventative measures

94
Q

What year was the highest cancer death rate?

A

1988

95
Q

What percent of skin cancer can be prevented by using sunscreen in first 18 years of life?

A

78%

96
Q

What percent of lung cancer can be prevented by avoiding smoking?

A

72%

97
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer death in Canada?

A

13% of new cancer diagnosis
Kills 21 000 yearly
It is more common in First Nations women

98
Q

How many cancer cases were diagnosed in 2018?

A

17 million

99
Q

How many cancer deaths are associated with tobacco smoke?

A

30% of cancer deaths
85% of lung cancer deaths

100
Q

How much can risk be multiplied with tobacco smoke?

A

By a factor of 10 or more

101
Q

Does environmental smoke increase lung cancers?

A

Yes by 20-30%

102
Q

What percent of lung cancer is preventable?

A

86%

103
Q

When do symptoms of lung cancer appear?

A

Until it reaches invasive stages

104
Q

What type of scan can detect lung cancer earlier?

A

Spiral CT can detect earlier than chest X-rays

105
Q

What cells does lung cancer arise from?

A

Cells that line the bronchi

106
Q

What percent of lung cancers are found before they spread?

A

21%

107
Q

What is the difference of survival if lung cancer is caught at stage 1 versus stage 4?

A

Stage 1: 71% survive
Stage 4: 5% survive

108
Q

What vaccines are being studied for lung cancer?

A

Phototherapy, gene therapy and immunotherapy

109
Q

What percent of people ages 50+ get colon and rectal cancer?

A

56%

110
Q

Which foods increase risks of colon and rectal cancer?

A

Refined carbs, simple sugars, and smoked meat and fish

111
Q

What is a Sigmoidoscopy

A

Examines colon and biopsy polyps
Fibre optic device every 10 years

112
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of colon cancer?

A

66% men
67% women

113
Q

If you have a first degree relative with breast cancer what is your increased risk? What about your mom or sister?

A

2x
3x

114
Q

What are digital mammograms good for?

A

Can detect tumours in more dense breast tissue, good for under 50

115
Q

What percent of survival do u have if a breast lump is caught before spreading?

A

100% 5 year survival

116
Q

What is the survival rate across all ages at 5 years for breast cancer?

A

87%

117
Q

What are new strategies for breast cancer?

A

SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulators
Aromatose inhibitors

118
Q

What is genetic predisposition for prostate cancer?

A

5-20%

119
Q

What race is prostate cancer most prevalent in?

A

Black men

120
Q

Can u have prostate cancer with a normal prostate specific antigen?

A

Yes u can

121
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of prostate cancer?

A

94%

122
Q

What cancers is HPV related to?

A

Cervix, penis, anus, vagina, mouth and throat

123
Q

What percent of HPV infections can be prevented by a vaccine?

A

92%

124
Q

How many people are diagnosed with cervical cancer in Canada?

A

1450

125
Q

What percent of sexually active people will develop an HPV infection?

A

75%

126
Q

What is screening for HPV?

A

Pap test, abnormal calls are called cervical dysplasia
Get Pap tests starting at 21 for sexually active people, 25 and up (not sexually active) every 3 years

127
Q

What is Gardasil 1?

A

Protects 4 types of HPV viruses, 2 cause 70% of cervical cancer, 2 cause 90% of anogenital warts

128
Q

What is Gardasil 9?

A

Prevents 14% of anogenital warts caused by 5 HPV types

129
Q

What is Ceravix?

A

Protects 2 types of HPV that cause 70% of cervical cancer
Approved for females 9-45 years

130
Q

True or False: Ovarian Cancer has warning signs?

A

False

131
Q

What people are most likely to get ovarian cancer?

A

Often 60+, no pregnancy, BRCA1 and BRCA2

132
Q

How much has melanoma increased since 1984?

A

1.4% females
2.2% males

133
Q

A blistering sunburn before what age increases melanoma risk later?

A

Before 20

134
Q

What are the two types of UV?

A

UVA- aging
UVB- sunburn

135
Q

White people are at what increased risk of melanoma?

A

10x

136
Q

What are the different types of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

137
Q

What skin cancers make up 99% of skin cancers diagnosed?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

138
Q

Where is most common skin cancers found and what do they look like?

A

Found on arms, hands, face and neck
Appear red, scaly and sharply outlined
appear pale wax like and pearly nodules
Often painless but can crust and bleed

139
Q

Does melanoma appear on a pre existing mole?

A

Yes!

140
Q

How much UV is on a sunny day compared to a cloudy day?

A

Clear sky: 100%
Cloudy: 89%

141
Q

What percent of skin cancers are family diagnosed?

A

17%

142
Q

What is the ABCDE test for melanoma?

A

Asymmetry (one half doesn’t match the other)
Border (irregular and ragged)
Colour (Not evenly coloured ex pink and black)
Diameter (larger than 6mm or 0.5 cm)
Evolving (changing in size, shape or colour)

143
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of melanoma?

A

90%

144
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of thyroid cancer?

A

97%

145
Q

What is tonsil and tongue cancer due to?

A

HPV infection

146
Q

How much more frequent is oral cancer in men over 45?

A

2x more likely

147
Q

Who is testicular cancer more common in?

A

Caucasian men

148
Q

What are testicular cancer risks?

A

Being tall, undescended testicles, diethylstilbestol (DES) synthetic estrogen taken by mom

149
Q

Why is Pancreatic Cancer hard to find?

A

It’s in a hidden location in the body
Seldom cured

150
Q

What are risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A

Male, obese, sedentary, 65+, pancreatitis, diabetes, red meats and fats

151
Q

T or F: Stomach cancer is most common in most parts of the word

A

True

152
Q

What are the risk factors of stomach cancer?

A

Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori (causes ulcers), diets high in smoked, salted or pickled fish and meat

153
Q

What people is bladder cancer more prevalent by 3x?

A

Men and smokers

154
Q

Is kidney cancer difficult to treat?

A

Yes only 71% survival rate

155
Q

What is a risk of Brain Cancer?

A

Ionizing radiation (X-ray)

156
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkins and non-hodgkins lymphoma
Non- hodgkins is more deadly

157
Q

How much has lymphoma dropped by since 1984?

A

70%
Still 5th most common cancer

158
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Malignant plasma cells

159
Q

What is monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Undetermined significance

160
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Environmental agents (radiation, viruses and chem substances)

161
Q

What are Ocegenes?

A

Mutations convert normal cells into cancer cells
In undamaged form oncogenes are tumour suppressors

162
Q

What percent of oncogenes are involved in cancer?

A

50-60%

163
Q

When was the BRCA1 gene identified? How common is it?

A

Identified in 1994 and is mutated 1 in 300

164
Q

When was the BRCA2 gene identified? How common is it?

A

Identified in 1995, occurs in 1 in 800

165
Q

How common is BRCA2 in ashkenazi Jews?

A

1 in 40

166
Q

How much does ovarian surgery reduce breast cancer and gynelogical cancer?

A

Reduces Brest cancer by 47% and reduced gynelogical cancers by 80%

167
Q

What is a cancer promoter?

A

They do not produce DNA mutations but accelerate it
Carcinogenic agents

168
Q

Which are better for you Omega - 6 polyunsaturated fats or Omega- 3 ?

A

Omega-3

169
Q

If you use alcohol and tobacco what is your combined oral cancer risk?

A

30x

170
Q

What vitamins and minerals are anti carcinogens?

A

C, E, selenium

171
Q

What vitamins are carotenoids?

A

Vitamin A

172
Q

What do anticarcinogen and carotenoids act as?

A

Antioxidants that prevent free radicals from damaging DNA and other cell components

173
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

Plant substances that fight against chemical diseases

174
Q

What is sulphorphane?

A

Found in broccoli: Liver and kidney produce higher levels of protective enzymes

175
Q

Where does calcium inhibit cell growth?

A

In the colon

176
Q

What does folic acid do?

A

Inhibits cells from transforming into malignant cells

177
Q

How many cancers could be prevented from behaviour change ?

A

4 in 10

178
Q

T or F: Vapes are better than cigs

A

False

179
Q

What are common myths that are said to give u breast cancer?

A

Bras
Antiperspirant
Microwaves
Reusing plastic water bottles

180
Q

Can chemo drugs affect people who work with them?

A

Yes, can cause brith defects and can cause leukemia

181
Q

What percent of cancer is caused by microbes?

A

15-20%

182
Q

What is the Epstein Barr-Virus?

A

Causes mononucleosis and contributes to Hodgkin’s lymphoma, pharynx and stomach cancer

183
Q

What cancers does Hepatitis B and C cause?

A

80% of liver cancers

184
Q

What cancers does Herpes- 8 cause?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphoma

185
Q

What cancer does asbestos cause?

A

The small fibres cause mesothelioma and lung cancer

186
Q

Which chemical poses a lung cancer threat to people who work underground?

A

Radon

187
Q

How much more radiation does a body scan have than a mammogram?

A

Has 100x more radiation than a mammogram

Health Sci 1001A (9 decks)

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