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Health Sci 1001A > Chapter 4: Weight Management And Childhood Obesity > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Weight Management And Childhood Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

People First language with Obesity

A

“The boy with obesity” rather than “obese boy”

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2
Q

What percent of adults are overweight?

A

54%

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3
Q

What percentage of people live with obesity?

A

18% or 1 in 5

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4
Q

What is Obesity?

A

Abnormal or excess body fat that impairs health
Lifelong chronic disease
Our bodies effectively defend our body fat

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5
Q

What health problems is obesity the leading cause of?

A

Type 2 Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Heart Disease
Stroke

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6
Q

What does weight bias increase?

A

Morbidity and mortality
Inequities in employment, health care, and eduction

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7
Q

What is a key Clinical Practice Guideline?

A

Shift to focus on patient health over weight loss

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8
Q

Does excess fat affect health?

A

Yes if obesity
Also No as normal bodies have fat on them

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9
Q

Who is Doctor Ian Patton?

A

Guest Lecturer
Director of Advocacy and Public Engagement at Obesity Canada

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10
Q

What is Obesity Canada?

A

National Health Charity Organization
Improves lives through research, education & advocacy
Medical education and public education

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11
Q

What did obesity used to be based on?

A

BMI (Body mass Index)

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12
Q

What is obesity based on now?

A

Chronic disease, reduces lifespan, and impairs health
Beyond size and weight

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13
Q

What body part regulates weight?

A

The brain !!!!

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14
Q

What 3 factors contribute to obesity pathogenesis?

A

Complex biological, psychosocial and environmental factors

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15
Q

T or F: Weight loss is eating less and moving more

A

False!!

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16
Q

What are the three pillars of obesity management?

A

Psychological intervention
Pharmacological therapy
Bariatric Surgery

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17
Q

What do the three pillars hold up?

A

Medical Nutrition Therapy
Physical activity

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18
Q

International Foundations of Obesity Management (5)

A
  1. Complex, Chronic disease
  2. Driven by powerful underlying biology (not by choice)
  3. Many health effects of excess weight start early
  4. Treatable
  5. Bias, stigma, and discrimination are harmful
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19
Q

What is the difference between bias, stigma, and discrimination?

A

Bias is a personal negative attitude and view held
Stigma is a social stereotype rooted from society
Discrimination is a verbal, physical, and relational action

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20
Q

What percent of overweight adults are stigmatized by coworkers?

A

54%

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21
Q

What percent of adults report a weight bias from a healthcare professional?

A

64%

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22
Q

What percent of overweight kids have a higher change of getting bullied?

A

63%

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23
Q

What percentage of photos and videos online stigmatize people with obesity?

A

Images: 72%
Videos: 77%

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24
Q

What are overweight people subjected to in health care?

A

Less time spent on patients
Less patient discussion
Blaming issues on weight
Reduced preventative screening
Less intervention

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25
Q

Is shaming ineffective?

A

Yes!
It causes less weight loss as it increases bad eating behaviours

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26
Q

key themes of obesity from the Canadian Community

A

Demoralizing
Debilitating
Lonely
Exhausting
Shameful
Limiting

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27
Q

Obesity Media vs Obesity Canada Images

A

“No necks” vs show positive and everyday things (working out, going to the doctor, playing with children)

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28
Q

What do we need to stop discrimination?

A

Need Policy interventions

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29
Q

How much more likely are you to be discriminated if you are overweight, obese, or extremely obese?

A

Overweight: 12x
Obese: 30x
Extremely Obese: 100x

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30
Q

How much less do obese men and women make?

A

Men make 3% less
Women make 6% less

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31
Q

How many kids are overweight?

A

1/3 of kids

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32
Q

What percent of kids are obese?

A

11.7%

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33
Q

How many kids were overweight in 1978?

A

1/4

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34
Q

Socio Ecological Model of Childhood Obesity?

A

Child
Parent
family and peers
Neighborhood
School
Community
National Policies

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35
Q

What is the singular cause of paediatric obesity?

A

Is not
Complex interactions between child and environment

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36
Q

how much money is spent on food marketing each year?

A

1/2 billion

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37
Q

What does CHAMP stand for?

A

the Children’s Health and Activity Modification program

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38
Q

What was CHAMP based for?

A

Community and family based program

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39
Q

Who funded the CHAMP project?

A

Lawson Foundation

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40
Q

What is Jospehs Story?

A

11 year old Joseph was sent to a weight loss camp
After returning home he regained all the weight he had lost

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41
Q

What kind of project was CHAMP

A

Pilot project!!

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42
Q

What was the general purpose of CHAMP?

A

To develop, implement, and assess effectiveness of a 4 week lifestyle intervention for children with obesity and there families

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43
Q

What were the objectives of CHAMP?

A

Increase physical actitivity
Improve physiological and psychological outcomes
Improve dietary patterns and self efficacy

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44
Q

How many kids, and of what gender were participants in year 1?

A

15 kids, (8 female, 7 male)
Ages 8-14

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45
Q

How long was the intervention?

A

4 week long
August 2008 & 2009
Monday to Friday 9am-4pm

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46
Q

What was the BMI of the children?

A

95th percentile for age and sex

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47
Q

What was the group based education?

A

Nutrition education
Behaviour modification
Psychological education
Parent and booster sessions

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48
Q

Week 1 Program Details

A

Sports week

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49
Q

Week 2 Program Details

A

Healthy eating around the clock

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50
Q

Week 3 program details

A

Olympic Week

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51
Q

Week 4 Program details?

A

Adventure week

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52
Q

Research Components initial meeting criteria?

A

Letter of info, consent (child and parent)
Demographic questionnaire
Quality of Life (PedsQL4.0)
Acticals
DXA Scan

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53
Q

What is an Actical?

A

Measures children’s activity
Used 7 days before, after and 12 months later

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54
Q

What was the second research component?

A

Blood work and physical assessment with CHAMP paediatrician

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55
Q

What was the third research component?

A

Phone calls with parents and CHAMP dietician
Child self-efficacy towards healthy living questionnaire

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56
Q

What was the fourth research component?

A

First Day of CHAMP
Physical Activity Questionnaire
Fitness Testing (Cooper 12 minute walk test)

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57
Q

What was the fifth research component?

A

Mid- CHAMP assessments
Weekly fidelity checks (parents and kids)
Cohesion/ perceptions of belongingness

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58
Q

What was the 6th and final research component?

A

Focus group Interviews
After 4 weeks
Separate for kids and parents

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59
Q

What was the child verses the parent attendance?

A

Child: 91%
Parent: 69%

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60
Q

What was CHAMP families?

A

Parent focused lifestyle intervention for children with obesity

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61
Q

Why focus on parents?

A

More cost effective
Primary decision makers in meals
Can be more effective

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62
Q

What were the 3 components of CHAMP families?

A

Group Based
Home Based
Follow Up

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63
Q

What is the Group based component?

A

parent only
8, 90 minute health education session at local YMCA
Content delivered by researchers, health professionals and organizations

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64
Q

What is the group based curriculum?

A

Healthy eating
Screen time
Sedentary behaviours
Food marketing
Family communication

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65
Q

What is the Home based component?

A

Family component
Weekly worksheets completed at home
Family discussions and goal setting

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66
Q

What is the Follow- up component?

A

Family component
3 & 6 months post
Reiteration of information

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67
Q

What did the focus groups allow parents to feel more confident in?

A

In there role as “primary agent of change”

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68
Q

What was there a desire for after CHAMP Families?

A

Child and parent involvement together

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69
Q

What percentage of Canadians unintentionally gained weight in COVID

A

42%

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70
Q

What is the self reported percentage of overweight and obese adults?

A

36% are overweight
28% are obese

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71
Q

What 4 things are essential for weight management?

A

Long term coordination
Proper nutrition
Adequate physical activity
Stress management

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72
Q

What is Fat free mass?

A

Non-fat tissues, bones, water, muscle, connective tissues, organ tissue, and teeth

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73
Q

What is body fat?

A

Nerves, brain, heart, lungs, liver, mammary glands, and organs
Main source of stored energy

74
Q

What are the three types of fat?

A

Subcutaneous fat
Visceral fat
Ectopic fat

75
Q

What is Subcutaneous fat?

A

Protective layer of fat, buffer for excess energy, intake 80% of all fat.

76
Q

What is visceral fat?

A

Fat embedded in the mesentary (connects intestines to abdominal wall).
Excess is linked to heart disease

77
Q

How much visceral fat is in men verses women?

A

Men: 10-20%
Women: 5-8%

78
Q

What is ectopic fat?

A

Located on or within organs (liver, heart, brain) increases risk for metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and stroke

79
Q

How many calories is in 1kg of fat?

A

7000 calories

80
Q

How many premature deaths between the age of 20-64 are attributable to obesity?

A

1 in 10

81
Q

What is a positive energy balance?

A

More cals in than out (gain weight)

82
Q

What is a negative energy balance?

A

Less cals in than out (lose weight)

83
Q

What is the critique of height weight charts?

A

Inaccurate as it assumes all weight is fat

84
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body Mass Index
Based on concept weight should be proportional to height
Doesn’t distinguish between fat weight and fat free weight

85
Q

Who is BMI inaccurate for?

A

Short people, athletes, older adults, women

86
Q

How do you calculate body weight?

A

Kg/h^2

87
Q

What is a normal BMI?

A

18.5-24.9

88
Q

What is an overweight BMI?

A

25-29.9

89
Q

What is Obese Class 1 BMI?

A

30-34.9

90
Q

What is Obese class 2 BMI?

A

35-39.9

91
Q

What is Obese Class 3 BMI?

A

40+

92
Q

What BMI is the diagnostic criteria for anorexia?

A

Below 17.5

93
Q

What are Calipers used for?

A

Skinfold measurements, determines body fat levels

94
Q

What percentage of body fat is considered very lean for men and women (not recommended)?

A

Women: 10-13%
Male: 3%

95
Q

What is circumference measurement?

A

From top of hip bone & lowest rib

96
Q

What does bod pod use to measure weight?

A

uses air instead of water

97
Q

What is hydrostatic (underwater) weighing?

A

Most accurate for analyzing body composition
Body % fat is calculated from body density
Muscle has more density than fat in water
FAT FLOATS

98
Q

Excess body fat reduces life expectancy by how much?

A

20 years

99
Q

how much is the average north american life expectancy expected to drop?

A

Drop by 5 years

100
Q

What % of total body weight loss can improve health?

A

5-10%

101
Q

What is the fifth cause of death in Canada?

A

Diabetes

102
Q

What % of Canadians live with or have pre diabetes?

A

29%

103
Q

What are the early symptoms of diabetes?

A

No symptoms in the early stages

104
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Viral infection
Body’s immune system destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas

105
Q

What percentage is Diabetes increasing by? When does it usually strike?

A

3-5% yearly in Canada
Strikes before 30
Common onset 10-14 years

106
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or/and cells are resistant to insulin

107
Q

What is something new about Type 2 diabetes?

A

It is occurring in children
Used to only occur in people 40+

108
Q

What percent of people with Type 2 diabetes are unaware?

A

33%

109
Q

How common is gestational diabetes?

A

1 in 10

110
Q

When does gestational diabetes occur?

A

With babies bigger than 9 pounds
Disappears after pregnancy

111
Q

What percent of women with gestational diabetes eventually develop type 2 diabetes?

A

30%

112
Q

What percent of people with pre diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes?

A

1/2

113
Q

What percentage of people of Canadians are estimated to have diabetes by 2031? What percentage in each age group?

A

33%

18.1% 65+
1.1% 18-34
3.7% 35-49
9.9% 50-64

114
Q

What percentage of strokes, heart attacks, and non-trauma leg/foot amputations are caused by diabetes?

A

Strokes: 30%
Heart Attacks: 40%
Foot Amp: 70%

115
Q

If you are depressed what increase of developing type 2 diabetes do you have?

A

40-60%

116
Q

What percent of type 2 diabetes could be prevented?

A

90%
5-7% weight loss reduces risk up to 69%

117
Q

Which ethnicities have an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Indigenous, African, Arab, Asian Hispanic and south Asian

118
Q

Women who are mildly or moderately overweight have what increased chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

80%

119
Q

5A’s of Obesity Management: From practioner to patient

A

Ask- permission to discuss weight
Asses- obesity related risks and root causes
Advise- health risk and treatment
Agree- outcomes and goals
Assist- accessing appropriate resource

120
Q

Where do men and post menopausal women store fat?

A

In upper regions of there bodies (abdominal)

121
Q

Where do Premenopausal women store fat?

A

Hips, butt and thighs

122
Q

At what circumference in men and women is there an increase of chronic disease?

A

Men- 40in
Women- 35in

123
Q

What is extreme leanness linked to?

A

Linked to reproductive, circulatory, and immune system disorders
Ex. Muscle wasting, fatigue, eating disorders

124
Q

What is the female athlete triad?

A

Abnormal eating and excess exercise
Leads to amenorrhea (loss of period)
Decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis)
Leads to decreased performance, heart disturbances and death

125
Q

What is Nutrigenomics?

A

Study of how nutrients and genes interact

126
Q

How many genes are associated with body size, shape, fat and metabolic rate?

A

50 genes

127
Q

What is the % chance of a child being obese if there parent is?

A

40% chance
80% if both parents

128
Q

Which is inherited the tendency or the expression of obesity?

A

Tendency: inherited
Expression: affected by environmental and behavioural factors

129
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Sum of all vital processes food, energy and nutrients are made available and used by body

130
Q

How much is the Resting metabolic rate used for daily life?

A

65-70% of daily energy
10% digestion
20-30% physical activity

131
Q

What does a higher RMR mean?

A

Increased muscle mass
Can burn more cals at rest and can take in more cals and not gain weight

132
Q

What type of training can protect against age related RMR decline?

A

Resistance training

133
Q

What is hormones role?

A

In accumulation of body fat (especially in women)
Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause contribute to amount and location of fat

134
Q

What does Leptin Hormone do?

A

Let’s brain know how big or small fat stores are

135
Q

What does the Gherlin Hormone do?

A

Goes up before eating and down 3 hours after a meal
Regulates weight, sleep, whole grains lower it

136
Q

What are adipose cells?

A

Fat is stored in the adipose tissue and the adipose cells inflate to hold body fat

137
Q

What is the difference between visceral fat and subcutaneous fat?

A

Visceral fat is bio active and metabolically active (holds inflammatory chemicals, and growth factors)
Subcutaneous fat carries little to no health risk (soft and flabby) not metabolically active

138
Q

What is gynoid obesity?

A

Lower body fat (pear shaped)

139
Q

What is Android Obesity?

A

Upper body fat (apple shape)

140
Q

Where are the highest obesity rates found in Canada (geographically)?

A

Rural areas and Atlantic Canada

141
Q

In Asian people which is a better predictor of obesity: waist circumference or BMI

A

Waist circumference

142
Q

How much do people underestimate there caloric intake by?

A

30%

143
Q

What percent of kids 5-17 met movement guidelines before COVID

A

15%

144
Q

What percent of overweight people watch excessive TV?

A

60%

145
Q

Sleep debt and short sleep duration is associated with what?

A

Increased BMI and abdominal obesity

146
Q

What percent of food ads are unhealthy?

A

90%

147
Q

Name 4 obesogens:

A

DES, BPA, phthalates, organotins

148
Q

What obesogen is banned?

A

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHO) in 2018

149
Q

What 2 things disrupt the body’s control over fat production and energy?

A

Endocrine disrupting chemicals and ones relationships to weight gain

150
Q

What happens when food becomes the primary means of regulating emotions?

A

Binge eating/ eating disorders

151
Q

Are men or women more obese at a higher income?

A

Men are more obese at a higher income and women are at lower income

152
Q

T or F: Slow weight gain over time is a major cause of obesity

A

True

153
Q

What is the health halo effect?

A

Overestimate how something is based off a single claim

154
Q

T or F: Foods low in energy density have more volume and Bulk

A

True

155
Q

How many meals should you eat for weight management?

A

4-5 small meals per day

156
Q

Skipping meals leads to what:

A

Excessive hunger, deprivation and increased vulnerability to binge eating

157
Q

Is the freshman 15 real?

A

No
Freshman 7.5 and only effects 60%

158
Q

T of F people who eat breakfast consume more calories in a day

A

False they consume less

159
Q

What happens to low cal dieters?

A

Rapid loss of body water, and then weight loss slows

160
Q

What do formulas and food bars result in?

A

Rapid weight loss that is then gained back

161
Q

How many grams of fibre do you need in a day?

A

25 to 38 grams

162
Q

What does caffeine cause?

A

Nervousness, jitteriness, vomiting and tachycardia

163
Q

What does TOPS stand for and OA?

A

Take off pounds sensibly
Overeaters anonymous

164
Q

How many weight watchers users maintain weight loss?

A

10-15%

165
Q

What percent of noom users report weight loss?

A

80%

166
Q

Which weight loss drug is approved for long term use? How does it function?

A

Xenical
Lowers calorie consumption by blocking fat absorption in the intestines, prevents 30% of fat from being digested

167
Q

When does weight loss level off (from drugs)

A

4-6 months

168
Q

When is prescription weight loss recommended?

A

BMI 30+
Or 27+ with 2 other risk factors

169
Q

Class 2 and 3 obesity has increased how much since 1985?

A

455%

170
Q

When is surgery recommended?

A

BMI 40+
Or BMI 35+ with 2 or more risk factors

171
Q

What is the re-operation rate and mortality rate of surgery

A

Re-op: 7%
Mortality: 1%

172
Q

How many people are affected by body dysmorphia?

A

350 000
Usually begins before 18

173
Q

What are the different types of weight loss surgery?

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable banding procedure

174
Q

Which weight loss procedure is the safest?

A

banding as it is the least invasive
Total weight loss is 40-70% of fat

175
Q

What is muscle dysmorphia?

A

Body builders thinking they are skinny and out of shape

176
Q

What % of grade 8 girls verses boys are happy with there bodies

A

Girls: 30%
Boys: 70%

177
Q

What percent of normal women think they are overweight? What percent overestimate body size?

A

75% overweight
90% overestimate

178
Q

Which race of women are considered more confident?

A

Black girls have the “right attitude”

179
Q

How much skinnier are fashion models than North American women?

A

98%

180
Q

What’s does OFSED stand for?

A

Other specified feeding or eating disorder

Health Sci 1001A (9 decks)

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