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Health Sci 1001A > Chapter 14: Alcohol > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of drug is alcohol?

A

Psychoactive, depressant drug

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2
Q

What % of people have reported drinking alcohol?

A

92.5%

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3
Q

In 2023 how many adults (fraction) had a beverage in the past 12 months?

A

3/4 adults

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4
Q

What % of people drink to be social, celebrate and “get drunk”

A

66%- social
59%- celebrate
18%- get drunk

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5
Q

What are the three main types of alcohols?

A

Beer: 3-6%
Wine: 9-14%
Spirits/ hard alc: 35%

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6
Q

What is one standard drink for the 3 main types of alc?

A

Beer (5%) = 12oz
Wine (12%)= 5oz
Spirit (40%)= 1.5oz

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7
Q

What do caffeine and carbonation increase?

A

Absorption of alc into blood

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8
Q

How does alcohol get into the bloodstream?

A

A small amount is absorbed through the oral mucosa, 20% through the stomach lining, and 75-80% into the small intestine (duodenum).

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9
Q

Where is alcohol primarily metabolized?

A

The main place of metabolism is in the liver.

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10
Q

What are the metabolic products of alcohol?

A

Alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde, then to acetate.

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11
Q

What percentage of ingested alcohol is excreted unchanged?

A

2-10% of ingested alcohol is excreted unchanged by the lungs kidneys and sweat glands

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12
Q

How much alcohol does the liver metabolize per hour?

A

The liver metabolizes approximately 1 drink per hour.

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13
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain?

A

When alcohol enters the brain, it affects neurotransmitters, creating many immediate effects of alcohol. Chronic use can lead to permanent effects on brain structures.

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14
Q

What is Blood Alcohol Level (BAL)?

A

BAL is the ratio of alcohol in a person’s blood based on weight, expressed as the amount of alcohol in deciliters of blood, and is a measure of intoxication.

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15
Q

What factors influence Blood Alcohol Level (BAL)?

A

Factors include body weight, body fat (more muscle = better metabolism), sex (women metabolize alcohol slower than males), and rate of metabolism.

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16
Q

What are the low conecentration effects of alcohol?

A

Immediate effects include light-headedness, relaxation, and the release of inhibitions.

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17
Q

Why do people perceive alcohol as a stimulant?

A

Alcohol may appear to act as a stimulant by enhancing assertiveness and social behaviors due to its depressing effect on inhibitory centers in the brain.

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18
Q

What are the high-level effects of alcohol?

A

High levels of alcohol can interfere with motor coordination, verbal performance, and intellectual functions, leading to anger or irritability.

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19
Q

What happens at 0.2% BAC?

A

At 0.2% BAC, most drinkers are unable to function.

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20
Q

What happens at 0.35% BAC?

A

At 0.35% BAC, coma usually occurs and it can be fatal.

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21
Q

How does alcohol impact risky behavior?

A

Alcohol increases the risk of engaging in risky behaviors that can have serious repercussions.

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22
Q

What is alcohol poisoning?

A

Alcohol poisoning occurs when a large amount is consumed in a short period, potentially raising one’s BAC to a lethal range.

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23
Q

What is a significant cause of overdose deaths related to alcohol?

A

Alcohol, alone or combined with drugs, is responsible for more toxic overdose deaths than any other substance.

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24
Q

What causes death from alcohol poisoning?

A

Death from alcohol poisoning is caused by central nervous system depression or respiratory depression, often leading to inhaling vomit or fluid into the lungs.

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25
Q

Effects of chronic alcohol misuse?

A

Impact reproductive system
Impact immune system
Increase risk of osteaoporosis

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26
Q

What is fatty liver disease?

A

Increase of fat cells in the liver
Can occur within a few days of heavy alc consumption

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27
Q

What is alcohol hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver
Frequent cause of death and hospitalization with people with alcohol use disorder

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28
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

Destroyed liver cells, scar tissue in liver
If one continues to drink they only have a 50% five year survival rate
May lose alc tolerance as metabolizing cells die

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29
Q

When can pancreatitis occur?

A

After 1 or 2 heavy binge drinking episodes

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30
Q

What can cirrhosis cause in the esophagus and rectal veins?

A

can make them swollen and fractured

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31
Q

What effects does alcohol have on GI tract?

A

Painful irritation of the stomach lining (why you shouldn’t yack)

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32
Q

How can alcohol affect cardiovascular system?

A

Increase blood pressure and increase risk of stroke and heart attack
Can develop cardiomyopathy

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33
Q

Can alcohol cause brain damage?

A

Yes brain volume shrinkage and loss of grey and white matter and reduced blood flow

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34
Q

What may happen to those dependant on alcohols brain?

A

Memory Loss, dementia and decreased problem solving

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35
Q

T of F: Alcohol is a carcinogen

A

True

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36
Q

Mortality rate of alcohol?

A

5% of worldwide deaths
13.5% of those deaths are between 20-39

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37
Q

Alcohol is related to how many diseases?

A

200+

38
Q

How much is life decreased with alcohol use disorder?

A

15 years less on average

39
Q

Which is more serious FASD or FAS

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

40
Q

What does FASD stand for?

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

41
Q

What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability in the Western world

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

42
Q

3 times as many FAS babies are born with what disorder?

A

ARND- alcohol- related neurodevelopment disorder

43
Q

When does alc have the worst effects on the baby?

A

Early development
Vulnerable throughout entire pregnancy

44
Q

How many deaths were due to alcohol in 2017?

A

18000

45
Q

What’s is the recommended amount of drinks for both women and men?

A

2, more has an increased risk of harm

46
Q

What costs are associated with alc use? Health care?

A

16.6 billion
5.4 billion

47
Q

T or F: Alcohol health risks increase more steeply for men

A

False, its in women

48
Q

Weekly levels of alcohol use are associated with what risk of premature death?

A

1 in 100

49
Q

How many drinks are considered binge drinking in men? Women?

A

5+ in men
4+ in women

50
Q

Is alcohol a teratogen?

A

Yes!!

51
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Can cause of malformation of the fetus, lead to learning and social effects on fetus
Lead to hypertension, placental abnormalities, and decreases milk production

52
Q

How long does it take for 1 drink to be eliminated from breastmilk

A

2 hours

53
Q

Which sex is most likely to drink in excess, be involved in collision and be hospitalized?

A

Men

54
Q

What risk is alcohol for behaviour in youth?

A

For death and social problems

55
Q

What was a past belief about alcohol and heart disease?

A

Thought it reduced ischemic heart disease

56
Q

How many cancer cases has alcohol caused?

A

7000 cases, 3200 deaths

57
Q

Is there an exact dose-response relationship with alc and violence?

A

No!

58
Q

What policy implication should be made for alcohol?

A

Mandatory labelling of alcohol beverages with standard # of drinks in a container

59
Q

How many drinks is no risk?

A

0!!

60
Q

How many drinks poses a moderate risk?

A

3-6

61
Q

How many risks pose a high risk?

A

7+ drinks

62
Q

What alcohol guidelines were posted in 2011

A

Canadas low risk drinking outlines

63
Q

What is the new guideline on drinking in 2023?

A

canadas guidance on alcohol and health
Helps people make well informed decisions

64
Q

What is the old drinking recommendation per week?

A

Men: no more than 15
Women: no more than 10

65
Q

When did France get alcohol labels?

A

1991

66
Q

Low risk drinking guidelines:

A
  1. Numerical limits for week;y and daily amount of alcohol
  2. Consumption recommendations differed between sexes
  3. Pregnant women should avoid drinking
  4. Outdated data and ineffective guidelines
67
Q

guidance on alc and health guidelines:

A
  1. Reduce alcohol use on a spectrum
  2. Harm is experienced among all sexes and gender
  3. No safe level of consumption for pregnant women
68
Q

What are the three forms of alcohol misuse?

A

Binge drinking
Alcohol misuse
Alcohol use disorder (AUD)

69
Q

What is severe AUD referred to as? How many symptoms of the DSM-5?

A

Alcoholism, 6+ symptoms

70
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

Periodically drinking to the point of intoxication (5 drinks men, 4 drinks women in 2 hours)

71
Q

What is alcohol misuse?

A

Recurrent use with negative consequences, drinking effects day to day life and commitments

72
Q

How many symptoms is mild AUD? Moderate?

A

Mild: 2-3 symptoms
Moderate: 4-5 symptoms

73
Q

What is alcohol use disorder?

A

Based on criteria over a 12 month period
Appeared in DSM-5 combining alcohol abuse and dependence

74
Q

What happens at increased tolerance?

A

Drinkers can act normal at a higher BAC
Needs 50% more alc for desired effect

75
Q

What symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Trembling hands, rapid pulse, accelerated breathing insomnia

76
Q

What are severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Seizures, confusion, hallucinations, delirium tremens (vermin and small animal hallucinations)

77
Q

What percent of indigenous people ages 12+ are heavy drinkers?

A

36%

78
Q

Who is Harold R. Johnson?

A

Indigenous author of “Firewater”

79
Q

What happens to Indigenous populations when diseases come from the Western World?

A

Magnified

80
Q

What percent of deaths are alcohol related on reserves?

A

90%

81
Q

In what years did the Cree ban alcohol in Treaty 6?

A

1876 to 1960

82
Q

Who did white men invite to drink with them in history?

A

Took advantage of Indigenous women

83
Q

What increase in alcohol price can reduce alcohol violence by 3%

A

1%

84
Q

What is money spent more on alcohol sale or alcohol damages?

A

Damages

85
Q

What is the answer to help drinking rates?

A

Increase prices, decrease availability

86
Q

What percent of uni students drink 5+ drinks per week?

A

35%

87
Q

What percent of uni students agree it’s acceptable to get drunk with friends?

A

74%

88
Q

Whta percent of indigenous people are absent from drinking?

A

35%

89
Q

What percent of Canadians are alcohol absent?

A

18%

90
Q

How many Canadians verses indigenous binge drink ?

A

Canadian: 19%
Indigenous: 25%

Health Sci 1001A (9 decks)

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