Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
The glenohumeral joint is between which two bones?
The acromioclavicular joint is between which two bones?
glenohumeral: shoulder joint, where clavicle and humerus join
acromioclavicular: clavicle and scapula
Match which part of the clavicle attaches with what:
i. medial end
ii. lateral end
iii. conoid tubercle
iv. impression
a. manubrium of sternum
b. conoid ligament
c. acromion of scapula
d. costoclavicular ligament
i & a
ii & c
iii & b (conoid ligament attaches clavicle and scapula)
iv & d (costoclavicular ligament attaches clavicle and 1st rib)
Match the parts of the scapula with their description or function:
a. spine
b. glenoid cavity
c. scapular notch
d. coracoid process
e. fossas
f. acromion
i. where suprascapular nerves pass
ii. prominent ridge
iii. attachment for muscle
iv. what clavicle attaches to
v. where scapula accepts head of humerus
vi. where tendons and ligaments attach
a & ii, b & v, c & i, d & vi, e & iii, f & iv
Match parts of the humerus to their description or function:
a. deltoid tuberosity
b. radial groove
c. capitulum
d. trochlea
e. coronoid fossa
f. olecranon fossa
g. epicondyles
h. ulnar nerve
i. rough, v-shaped, for tendon to attach
ii. rounded knob that articulates with radius head
iii. funny bone
iv. anterior depression, receives ulna olecranon when forearm extended
v. has radial nerve
vi. where forearm tendons attach
vii. spool shaped, articulates with ulna’s notch
viii. anterior depression, receives ulna olecranon when forearm flexed
a: i (deltoid muscle attaches)
b: v
c: ii (when forearm is flexed)
d: vii (medial of capitulum, articulates with ulna’s trochlear notch)
e: viii (flexed forearm)
f: iv
g: vi
h: iii
Match:
a. ulna
b. radius
i. medial, longer, on pinky side
ii. lateral, short, thumb side
a & i, b & ii
At which two points does the humerus articulate with the forearm?
What type of cartilage separates the distal end of the ulna from the wrist?
head of radius with humerus capitulum and ulna trochlear notch with humerus trochlea
fibrocartilage
Match the ulna parts to their description or function:
a. ulna olecranon
b. coronoid process
c. trochlear notch
d. radial notch
e. ulnar tuberosity
f. styloid process
i. elbow joint between olecranon and coronoid process
ii. part of ulna olecranon that articulates with humerus trochlea
iii. where ulnar collateral ligament to wrist attaches
iv. elbow
v. articulates with head of radius
vi. where bicep brachii muscle attaches
a: iv
b: ii
c: i
d: v
e: vi
f: iii
Match the radius parts to their description or function:
a. radial tuberosity
b. ulnar notch
c. styloid process
i. attachment for tendons of bicep brachii muscle
ii. lateral side, attachment for brachioradiolas muscle and radial collateral ligament to wrist
iii. where ulna head articulates
a: i
b: iii
c: ii
At which two points does the humerus articulate with the forearm?
What type of cartilage separates the distal end of the ulna from the wrist?
-head of radius with humerus capitulum and ulna trochlear notch with humerus trochlea
fibrocartilage
At which two points does the humerus articulate with the forearm?
What type of cartilage separates the distal end of the ulna from the wrist?
-head of radius with humerus capitulum and ulna trochlear notch with humerus trochlea
fibrocartilage
What are the 8 carpal bones?
proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
(stop letting these people touch the cadaver’s hand)
hint: scab row with moon and tri pi
two shapes and a cap ham
Which carpal is the largest?
Which carpal is most commonly broken?
capitate
scaphoid
Which two carpals are the ulnar side of the carpal tunnel?
Which two carpals are the radial side of the carpal tunnel?
What strong fibrous band of connective tissue is on the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Which tendon and which nerve pass through the carpal tunnel?
pisiform and hamale
scaphoid and trapezium
flexor retinaculum
flexor tendons of digits and thumb, median nerve
How many bones are in the metacarpals?
Is the base proximal or distal?
What is the carpometacarpal joint? Metacarpophalangeal joint?
5
proximal
carpometacarpal joint: metacarpal joint with distal carpal row
metacarpophalangeal joint: head articulates with proximal phalanges
How many phalange bones are there?
Which digit only has 2 phalanx (the rest have 3)?
14
thumb
In which two places do the two hip bones unite?
Which four components make up the bony pelvis?
When do the hip bones fuse?
What bones are a newborn’s hips made of?
anterior: pubic symphysis
posterior: sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
hip bones, pubic sympthysis, sacrum, coccyx
age 23
ilium, inferior and anterior pubis, inferior and posterior ischium and cartilage between all the bones
In the hip bone:
- which bone is superior,
- which is inferior posterior
- which is inferior anterior
superior: ilium
inferior posterior: ischium
inferior anterior: pubis
What is the acetabulum?
Which part of the hip bone is the largest?
socket for femur head
ilium
Where do the ilium, ischium and pubis meet?
What is the superior part of the ilium called?
Injury of which part of the ilium is referred to as a “hip pointer”?
acetabulum
ala
anterior superior iliac spine
Where is the greater sciatic notch?
The lesser?
Which two parts of the hip bone have spines?
Which part of the hip bone has the most spines?
Which part of the hip bone has the crest and ala?
ilium ischium ilium and ischium ilium ilium
Which part of the hip bone have a ramus?
Which part of the hip bone has two rami?
Which part of the hip bone has 3 gluteal lines?
Which part of the hip bone has a tuberosity?
ischium and pubis
pubis
ilium
ischium and ilium
Which part of the hip bone has a tubercle?
Which part of the hip bone has the acetabular notch?
The obturator foramen is between which 2 bones?
pubis
ischium
ischium and pubis
Which part of the hip bone has the pectineal line?
The arcuate line?
pubis
ilium
Which nerve is the largest in the body?
What articulates at the auricular surface?
sciatic nerve
sacrum with ilium
Why does someone typically get sore after sitting on a hard surface?
Which foramen is the largest in the body?
Why does the largest foramen in the body have its name?
ischial tuberosity, as it is close to the skin
obturator foramen
because the obturator membrane nearly closes the foramen
What is the pubic symphysis between?
The inferior rami of the two pubic bones unite to form what?
During pregnancy, relaxin makes what more flexible?
Which ligaments attach at the acetabular notch?
the 2 pubes of the hip bones
pubic arch
pubic symphysis
femur
What is the boundary between the superior and inferior pelvis called?
Which organs are in the “false” pelvis? “True” pelvis?
pelvic brim
false pelvis: bladder, lower intestines, uterus/ovaries
true: rectum, bladder, vagina, cervix, prostate
What is the:
- pelvic inlet
- pelvic outlet
- pelvic axis
What is pelvimetry typically used for?
pelvis inlet: superior opening of true pelvis
pelvic outlet: inferior opening of true pelvis
pelvic axis: imaginary line curving through true pelvis
childbirth
Which bones/features define the pelvic brim?
sacral promontory, arcuate lines, pectineal lines, pubic crest to pubic symphysis
What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?
female:
- lighter
- shallow false pelvis
- wider/oval pelvic brim
- oval obturator foramen
- pubic arch >90 degrees
- less curved iliac crest
- less vertical ilium
- 90 degree greater sciatic notch (70 degrees in males)
- more moveable/curved coccyx
- shorter/wider/less curved sacrum
- smaller and anterior acetabulum
- shorter, farther apart, medially projecting ischial tuberosity (longer, closer, laterally projecting in men)
male: larger, heavier, larger surface markings
How many bones are in the lower limb?
What is the longest, strongest and heaviest bone in the body?
30 per limb (femur: 1, patella: 2, tibia and fibula: 3, tarsals: 7, metatarsals: 5, phalanges: 14)
femur
What does the distal end of the femur articulate with?
What is the “angle of convergence”?
What is the fovea capitis?
What is usually broken in a broken hip?
patella and tibia
femur body angles medially (hips wider than knees), more pronounced in females
“pit in the femur head”, depression in head of femur for ligament to attach femur to hip
femur head
What is a common landmark for thigh intramuscular injections?
What are the gluteal tuberosity and lines aspera attachment points for?
What muscle attaches to the adductor tubercle?
greater trochanter
thigh tendons
adductor magnus muscle
Does the femur articulate with the fibula?
Which tendon does the patella develop in?
Which part of the tibia attaches to the patella?
What are the two articular facets on the posterior side of the patella called?
no
quadriceps femoris muscle
tibial tuberosity
medial condyle and lateral condyle
What is the function of the patella?
What causes runner’s knee?
increases tendon leverage of quadriceps femoris muscle, maintain tendon position when knee is flexed/bent, protect knee joint
patella moves side to side
What is the weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
Which bone is medial: tibia or fibula?
Which two bones does the tibia articulate with:
- proximally
- distally
tibia
tibia (hint: fibuLA is LAteral)
proximally: femur (with medial and lateral condyle) and fibula
distally: fibula, talus
What does the intercondylar eminence separate?
Where is the bone grafting typically done from?
What is the sharp ridge of the tibia shift called?
What is the most commonly fractured long bone?
lateral and medial condyle (of tibia)
fibula (as it is not the weight bearing bone)
anterior border
tibia
Is the fibular notch on the tibia proximal or distal?
What does the medial malleolus of the tibia articulate with?
distal (where tibia meets fibula)
talus of ankle
At which two locations does the fibula articulate with the tibia?
Does the fibula help stabilize the ankle joint?
Which part of the fibula articulates with the talus?
proximal: head with tibia lateral condyle
distal: fibular notch
yes
lateral malleolus
What are the seven tarsal bones?
Which tarsal bone is the strongest and largest?
Which tarsal bone articulates with the fibula and tibia?
calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, I-III cuneiform
calcaneus
talus
When do feet arches fully develop?
Describe the medial and lateral longitudinal arch.
Describe the transverse arch.
12-13
medial longitudinal: calcaneous, talus raises, navicular, cuneiform and 3 medial metatarsals slope down
lateral longitudinal arch: calcaenous, cuboid raises, 2 lateral metatarsals slop down
transverse arch: navicular, 3 cuneiforms, base of 5 metatarsals
What is a clawfoot?
elevated arch, can occur in diabetes
Most of skeleton form from mesenchymal cells aka ____derm
Much of skull forms from ___derm
Intramembraneous ossification: bones form from _____
Endochondral ossification: bones form from _____ ______
mesoderm (including sternum)
ectoderm
mesenchyme
hyaline cartilage
Match:
a. cartilaginous neurocranium
b. membranous neurocranium
c. cartilaginous visocerocranium
d. membrane visocerocranium
i. intramembranous ossification from 1st pharyngeal arch; facial bones
ii. from cartilage of 2 pharyngeal (branchial) arches; endochondral ossification to make ear bones and hyoid
iii. made by endochondral ossification; makes base of skull
iv. made by intramembraneous ossification; make roof and sides of skull (parietal, frontal)
a: iii
b: iv
c: ii
d: i
Ribs and vertebra form from ______ (cubes-shaped mesoderm)
What is a solid cylinder of mesodermal cells called?
somites
notochord
Notochord makes which bones?
It induces mesenchymal cells to make which parts of the spine?
vertebral bodies, costal centres, vertebral arch centres
nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus
Describe progress from limb buds to limbs in an embryo.
week 4: upper limb buds form; 2 days later: lower limb buds (limb buds are mesenchyme covered in ectoderm)
week 6: hand plates and foot plates form
week 7: arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg and foot form
week 8: shoulder, elbow, wrist form; at this point limb bud becomes upper limb
week 8: endochondral ossification begins
week 12: primary ossification centres are present
What is calcium used for in the body?
- contraction of skeletal muscle
- neuron and neuroglia function
- exocytosis of hormone filled vesicles
- normal actions of many hormones
- heart beating
- function of body tissues
- milk synthesis during lactation
