Chapter 1: Anatomical Terms Flashcards
Prone vs supine?
prone: lying face down
supine: lying face up
What is the trunk, upper limb, lower limb?
trunk: chest, abdominal, pelvis
upper limb: shoulder, armpit, arm (shoulder -> elbow), forearm (elbow -> wrist), wrist, hand)
lower limb: buttock, thigh (buttock -> knee), leg (knee -> ankle), ankle, foot)
Anterior vs posterior?
anterior: front
posterior: back
Superior vs inferior?
superior: towards upper part of body
inferior: towards lower
Medial vs lateral?
medial: nearer to midline (vertical line splitting left from right)
lateral: farther from midline
Intermediate
intermediate: between 2 structures
Contralateral vs ipsilateral?
contralateral: on opposite side of body
ipsilateral: on same side of body
Proximal vs distal?
proximal: nearer to attachment or origination
distal: further from attachment or origination
Superficial vs deep?
superficial: on or towards surface
deep: away from surface
How does: sagittal midsagittal parasagittal divide the body?
sagittal: splits left and right
midsagittal: splits evenly
parasagittal: divides unequally
Describe the different planes:
- frontal
- transverse
- oblique
frontal plane: divides anterior & posterior (front/back)
transverse: divides upper and lower (superior/inferior)
oblique: any angle but 90
What is mediastinum? Which organs does it contain?
- centre of thoracic cavity
- heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, some large blood vessels
- DOESN’T include lungs
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
hint: glss & intestines
-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine
What is the pelvic cavity? What does it contain?
-urinary bladder, some of large intestine, internal reproductive organs
What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity called?
What is the diaphragm?
- peritoneum
- diaphragm: dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity
Where is the abdominoplevic cavity?
Is there a wall in it?
- diaphragm to groin
- no wall between abdominal and pelvic cavity
What is viscera?
Serous membrane?
viscera: organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
serous membrane: slippery, double layered membrane that covers viscera, lines thorax and abdomen
What are the two layers of the serous membrane?
parietal (thin, lines cavity walls), visceral (covers/adheres to viscera)
-note: serous fluid in between the two lubricates
What are the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum?
pleura: lines chest/lungs
pericardium: lines heart
peritoneum: lines most abdominal organs
Which abdominal organs aren’t surrounded by the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)?
(hint: k & p, intestines, two blood vessels)
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colon of large intestine, part of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
What are synovial cavities?
in freely moveable joints, have synovial fluid
What are the two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic region?
method 1 hint: h, l, i
- nine sections:
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypo
subcostal line (below ribs)
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
transtubercular line (top of hips)
right inguinal (iliac) hypogastric left inguinal
the vertical lines are left midclavicular and right midclavicular (just medial to nipples)
- four sections (clinical use):
right upper left upper
transumbilical line
right lower left lower
vertical line is median line
Match:
a. x-ray (radiography)
b. computed tomography
i. x-ray (radiography)
- mammogram, bone density
- cheap, fast, simple, good for bones
- use contrast (oral, injection or rectal)
- angiograph (blood vessel), intravenous urography (urinary), barium contract (gastrointestinal)
ii. formerly CAT scan
- x ray at multiple angles, more detail
- bone density
- usually for cancer of the torso or coronary artery disease
a & i, b & ii
Match:
a. MRI
b. ultrasound
i. -radio waves
- 2d or 3d, color coded
- safe, no metal allowed, good for soft tissue
- usually for tumors, brain, blood flow, liver/kidney, musculoskeletal
ii. -high frequency
- safe, non-invasive, painless, no dye, mostly for pregnancy or organ/blood/location
a & i, b & ii
Match
a. coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography
b. positron emission tomography (PET)
c. radionuclide scanning
i. -injection with positrons, gamma rays made by body
- physiology of brain/heart, etc.
- color display, black/blue -> low activity, red/orange/yellow/white -> more activity
ii. -iodine contrast injected with beta blocker
- x ray on arc, 3d image, quick
- mostly for cardiac
iii. -radioactive, put in intravenously
-emits gamma
-color display, intense colour = high activity
SPECT = single photo emission computed tomography is good for brain/heart/lungs/liver
a & ii, b & i, c & iii
What is endoscopy?
visual exam of inside of organs, lighted scope with lens
- laparoscopy: abdominopelvic
arthroscopy: inside joints, usually knee
What is palpation, auscultation, percussion?
palpation: gentle touch
auscultation: listening to body sounds
percussion: tap then listen to sound
What is cranial, facial, frontal and temporal?
cranial: skull
facial: face
frontal: forehead
temporal: temple
What is orbital/occular, otic, buccal and nasal?
orbital/occular: eye
otic: ear
buccal: cheek
nasal: nose
What is oral, mental, sternal and mammary?
oral: mouth
mental: chin
sternal: breastbone
mammary: breast
What is cervical, axillary, brachial and antecubital?
cervical: neck
axillary: armpit
brachial: shoulder -> elbow (arm)
antecubital: front of elbow
What is antebrachial, carpal, volar/palmar, thoracic?
antebrachial: forearm
carpal: wrist
volar/palmar: palm
thoracic: chest
What is digital, femoral, patellar and crural?
digital: fingers/toes
femoral: thigh
patellar: anterior surface of knee
crural: leg
What is pedal, tarsal, umbilical and coxal?
pedal: foot
tarsal: ankle
umbilical: navel
coxal: hip
What is inguinal, abdominal, pelvic and pollex?
inguinal: groin
abdominal: abdomen
pelvic: pelvis
pollex: thumb
What is manual, pubic, dorsum and hallux?
manual: hand
pubic: pubis
dorsum: top of foot
hallux: big toe
What is occipital, acromial, scapular, vertebral and dorsal?
occipital: base of skull
acromial: shoulder
scapular: shoulder blade
vertebral: spinal column
dorsal: back
What is lumbar, sacral, olecranal/cubital and gluteal?
lumbar: lower back
sacral: between hips on back
olecranal/cubital: back of elbow
gluteal: buttock
What is perineal, popliteal, rural, plantar, dorm and calcaneal?
perineal: between anus and genitals
popliteal: hollow behind knee
sural: calf
plantar: sole
dorsum: back of hand
calcaneal: heel
What are the anatomical terms for:
skull, face, forehead, temple, eye, ear, cheek, nose, mouth, chin, breastbone and breast?
skull: cranial
face: facial
forehead: frontal
temple: temporal
eye: orbital/occular
ear: otic
cheek: buccal
nose: nasal
mouth: oral
chin: mental
breastbone: sternal
breast: mammary
What are the anatomical terms for:
neck, armpit, shoulder to elbow, front of elbow, forearm, wrist, palm and chest?
neck: cervical
armpit: axillary
shoulder to arm (arm): brachial
front of elbow: antecubital
forearm: ante brachial
wrist: carpal
palm: volar, palmar
chest: thoracic
What are the anatomical terms for:
fingers/toes, thigh, anterior surface of knee, leg, foot, ankle, navel, hip, groin and abdomen?
fingers/toes: digital, phalangeal thigh: femoral anterior surface of knee: patellar leg: crural foot: pedal ankle: tarsal navel: umbilical hip: coxal groin: inguinal abdomen: abdominal
What are the anatomical terms for:
pelvis, thumb, hand, pubis, top of foot, big toe, base of skull, shoulder blade and spinal column?
pelvis: pelvic
thumb: pollex
hand: manual
pubis: pubic
top of foot: dorsum
big toe: hallux
base of skull: occipital
shoulder blade: scapular
spinal column: vertebral
Which of the following tests use radio waves, x-rays, gamma rays and high frequency waves?
a. x-ray (radiography)
b. computed tomography
c. MRI
d. ultrasound
e. coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography
f. positron emission tomography (PET)
g. radionuclide scanning
radio: c (MRI)
x-rays: a, b, e
gamma: f, g
high frequency: d (ultrasound)
Which of the following can be used to study the brain?
a. ultrasound
b. MRI
c. PET
d. x-ray
brain: b, c
Which of the following is best for studying soft tissue? For studying cardiac disease? For observing metabolic processes? For providing cross-sectional images?
a. ultrasound
b. MRI
c. PET
d. computed tomography
soft tissue: MRI
cardiac: computed tomography
observing metabolic processes: PET
cross-sectional images: computed tomography
What can ultrasound be used for besides pregnancy?
observing blood flow through blood vessels
