Chapter 1: Anatomical Terms

Question 1

Prone vs supine?

Answer 1

prone: lying face down
supine: lying face up

Question 2

What is the trunk, upper limb, lower limb?

Answer 2

trunk: chest, abdominal, pelvis
upper limb: shoulder, armpit, arm (shoulder -> elbow), forearm (elbow -> wrist), wrist, hand)
lower limb: buttock, thigh (buttock -> knee), leg (knee -> ankle), ankle, foot)

Question 3

Anterior vs posterior?

Answer 3

anterior: front
posterior: back

Question 4

Superior vs inferior?

Answer 4

superior: towards upper part of body
inferior: towards lower

Question 5

Medial vs lateral?

Answer 5

medial: nearer to midline (vertical line splitting left from right)
lateral: farther from midline

Question 6

Intermediate

Answer 6

intermediate: between 2 structures

Question 7

Contralateral vs ipsilateral?

Answer 7

contralateral: on opposite side of body
ipsilateral: on same side of body

Question 8

Proximal vs distal?

Answer 8

proximal: nearer to attachment or origination
distal: further from attachment or origination

Question 9

Superficial vs deep?

Answer 9

superficial: on or towards surface
deep: away from surface

Question 10

How does:
sagittal
midsagittal
parasagittal
divide the body?

Answer 10

sagittal: splits left and right
midsagittal: splits evenly
parasagittal: divides unequally

Question 11

Describe the different planes:

• frontal
• transverse
• oblique

Answer 11

frontal plane: divides anterior & posterior (front/back)

transverse: divides upper and lower (superior/inferior)
oblique: any angle but 90

Question 12

What is mediastinum? Which organs does it contain?

Answer 12

• centre of thoracic cavity
• heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, some large blood vessels
• DOESN’T include lungs

Question 13

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

hint: glss & intestines

Answer 13

-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine

Question 14

What is the pelvic cavity? What does it contain?

Answer 14

-urinary bladder, some of large intestine, internal reproductive organs

Question 15

What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity called?

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 15

• peritoneum

- diaphragm: dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity

Question 16

Where is the abdominoplevic cavity?

Is there a wall in it?

Answer 16

• diaphragm to groin

- no wall between abdominal and pelvic cavity

Question 17

What is viscera?

Serous membrane?

Answer 17

viscera: organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

serous membrane: slippery, double layered membrane that covers viscera, lines thorax and abdomen

Question 18

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

Answer 18

parietal (thin, lines cavity walls), visceral (covers/adheres to viscera)

-note: serous fluid in between the two lubricates

Question 19

What are the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum?

Answer 19

pleura: lines chest/lungs
pericardium: lines heart
peritoneum: lines most abdominal organs

Question 20

Which abdominal organs aren’t surrounded by the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)?
(hint: k & p, intestines, two blood vessels)

Answer 20

kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colon of large intestine, part of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

Question 21

What are synovial cavities?

Answer 21

in freely moveable joints, have synovial fluid

Question 22

What are the two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic region?

method 1 hint: h, l, i

Answer 22

1. nine sections:
   right hypochondriac epigastric left hypo
   subcostal line (below ribs)
   right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
   transtubercular line (top of hips)
   right inguinal (iliac) hypogastric left inguinal

the vertical lines are left midclavicular and right midclavicular (just medial to nipples)

2. four sections (clinical use):

right upper left upper
transumbilical line
right lower left lower

vertical line is median line

Question 23

Match:

a. x-ray (radiography)
b. computed tomography

i. x-ray (radiography)
- mammogram, bone density
- cheap, fast, simple, good for bones
- use contrast (oral, injection or rectal)
- angiograph (blood vessel), intravenous urography (urinary), barium contract (gastrointestinal)

ii. formerly CAT scan
- x ray at multiple angles, more detail
- bone density
- usually for cancer of the torso or coronary artery disease

Answer 23

a & i, b & ii

Question 24

Match:

a. MRI
b. ultrasound

i. -radio waves
- 2d or 3d, color coded
- safe, no metal allowed, good for soft tissue
- usually for tumors, brain, blood flow, liver/kidney, musculoskeletal

ii. -high frequency
- safe, non-invasive, painless, no dye, mostly for pregnancy or organ/blood/location

Answer 24

a & i, b & ii

Question 25

Match a. coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. radionuclide scanning i. -injection with positrons, gamma rays made by body - physiology of brain/heart, etc. - color display, black/blue -> low activity, red/orange/yellow/white -> more activity ii. -iodine contrast injected with beta blocker - x ray on arc, 3d image, quick - mostly for cardiac iii. -radioactive, put in intravenously -emits gamma -color display, intense colour = high activity SPECT = single photo emission computed tomography is good for brain/heart/lungs/liver

Answer 25

a & ii, b & i, c & iii

Question 26

What is endoscopy?

Answer 26

visual exam of inside of organs, lighted scope with lens - laparoscopy: abdominopelvic arthroscopy: inside joints, usually knee

Question 27

What is palpation, auscultation, percussion?

Answer 27

palpation: gentle touch auscultation: listening to body sounds percussion: tap then listen to sound

Question 28

What is cranial, facial, frontal and temporal?

Answer 28

cranial: skull facial: face frontal: forehead temporal: temple

Question 29

What is orbital/occular, otic, buccal and nasal?

Answer 29

orbital/occular: eye otic: ear buccal: cheek nasal: nose

Question 30

What is oral, mental, sternal and mammary?

Answer 30

oral: mouth mental: chin sternal: breastbone mammary: breast

Question 31

What is cervical, axillary, brachial and antecubital?

Answer 31

cervical: neck axillary: armpit brachial: shoulder -> elbow (arm) antecubital: front of elbow

Question 32

What is antebrachial, carpal, volar/palmar, thoracic?

Answer 32

antebrachial: forearm carpal: wrist volar/palmar: palm thoracic: chest

Question 33

What is digital, femoral, patellar and crural?

Answer 33

digital: fingers/toes femoral: thigh patellar: anterior surface of knee crural: leg

Question 34

What is pedal, tarsal, umbilical and coxal?

Answer 34

pedal: foot tarsal: ankle umbilical: navel coxal: hip

Question 35

What is inguinal, abdominal, pelvic and pollex?

Answer 35

inguinal: groin abdominal: abdomen pelvic: pelvis pollex: thumb

Question 36

What is manual, pubic, dorsum and hallux?

Answer 36

manual: hand pubic: pubis dorsum: top of foot hallux: big toe

Question 37

What is occipital, acromial, scapular, vertebral and dorsal?

Answer 37

occipital: base of skull acromial: shoulder scapular: shoulder blade vertebral: spinal column dorsal: back

Question 38

What is lumbar, sacral, olecranal/cubital and gluteal?

Answer 38

lumbar: lower back sacral: between hips on back olecranal/cubital: back of elbow gluteal: buttock

Question 39

What is perineal, popliteal, rural, plantar, dorm and calcaneal?

Answer 39

perineal: between anus and genitals popliteal: hollow behind knee sural: calf plantar: sole dorsum: back of hand calcaneal: heel

Question 40

What are the anatomical terms for: | skull, face, forehead, temple, eye, ear, cheek, nose, mouth, chin, breastbone and breast?

Answer 40

skull: cranial face: facial forehead: frontal temple: temporal eye: orbital/occular ear: otic cheek: buccal nose: nasal mouth: oral chin: mental breastbone: sternal breast: mammary

Question 41

What are the anatomical terms for: | neck, armpit, shoulder to elbow, front of elbow, forearm, wrist, palm and chest?

Answer 41

neck: cervical armpit: axillary shoulder to arm (arm): brachial front of elbow: antecubital forearm: ante brachial wrist: carpal palm: volar, palmar chest: thoracic

Question 42

What are the anatomical terms for: | fingers/toes, thigh, anterior surface of knee, leg, foot, ankle, navel, hip, groin and abdomen?

Answer 42

``` fingers/toes: digital, phalangeal thigh: femoral anterior surface of knee: patellar leg: crural foot: pedal ankle: tarsal navel: umbilical hip: coxal groin: inguinal abdomen: abdominal ```

Question 43

What are the anatomical terms for: | pelvis, thumb, hand, pubis, top of foot, big toe, base of skull, shoulder blade and spinal column?

Answer 43

pelvis: pelvic thumb: pollex hand: manual pubis: pubic top of foot: dorsum big toe: hallux base of skull: occipital shoulder blade: scapular spinal column: vertebral

Question 44

Which of the following tests use radio waves, x-rays, gamma rays and high frequency waves? a. x-ray (radiography) b. computed tomography c. MRI d. ultrasound e. coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography f. positron emission tomography (PET) g. radionuclide scanning

Answer 44

radio: c (MRI) x-rays: a, b, e gamma: f, g high frequency: d (ultrasound)

Question 45

Which of the following can be used to study the brain? a. ultrasound b. MRI c. PET d. x-ray

Answer 45

brain: b, c

Question 46

Which of the following is best for studying soft tissue? For studying cardiac disease? For observing metabolic processes? For providing cross-sectional images? a. ultrasound b. MRI c. PET d. computed tomography

Answer 46

soft tissue: MRI cardiac: computed tomography observing metabolic processes: PET cross-sectional images: computed tomography

Question 47

What can ultrasound be used for besides pregnancy?

Answer 47

observing blood flow through blood vessels