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A&P > Chapter 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology?

What are the three main components of a cell?

What is the plasma membrane made of? (I.e. how much is phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids)

The plasma membrane has some anchored proteins and some floating ones. What is the model for this called?

A

cytology: cell biology

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus are main components

plasma membrane: 75% phospholipids, 20% cholesterol (weakly amphipathic), 5% glycolipids (only in outer layer, facing ECF)

fluid mosaic model

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2
Q

What are integral proteins? Peripheral proteins?

Which one has oligosaccharide carb group attached that goes into the ECF?

A

integral proteins: embedded, usually transmembrane, amphipathic, mostly glycoproteins (have oligosaccharide carb group attached which goes into the ECF)
peripheral proteins: at inner or outer surface

integral protein

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3
Q

What is the glyocalyx? What detects the glyocalyx?

A

glyocalyx: hydrophilic, sugary coat of glycolipids/glycoproteins that sticks cells together in tissue and protects from enzyme (it is a signature)

white blood cells detect the glyocalyx as part of the immune response

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4
Q

Match functions:

a. integral protein
b. peripheral protein

i. ion channels (usually selective), carriers/transporters (selective), specific receptors, enzymes, links between cells/filaments, cell identity markers
ii. support membrane, anchor integrals, move materials/organelles, attach to cells, change cell shape

A

a & i, b & ii

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5
Q

How does cholesterol concentration affect membrane fluidity?

How do large macromolecules like protein cross the membrane?

A
  • at body temp: more cholesterol = more rigid membrane
  • at low temp: more cholesterol = more flexible membrane

proteins cross the membrane by endo/exocytosis

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6
Q

What is the lipid bilayer highly permeable to, moderately permeable to and impermeable to?

a. small alcohols, water, urea (small, non-charged polar as they sneak through gaps)
b. ions, large uncharged polar (ex. glucose)
c. O2, CO2, steroids (non polar), N2, fatty acids, vitamins A, D, E and K

A

highly permeable: c
moderately permeable: a
impermeable: b

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7
Q

Is there more Na+ in the ECF or cytosol?
Which two ions have the most ion channels?
Which is more positive: the ECF or cytosol?

A

more Na+ in the ECF, more CO2 and K+ in the cytosol

more K+ and Cl- ions than Na+ or Ca2+

the ECF is more positive, the cytosol is more negative

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8
Q

Which molecule is not moved by facilitated diffusion carriers:
glucose, oxygen, fructose, galactose, some vitamins

What is GluT?

What effect does insulin have on GluT?

A

oxygen

GluT: glucose transporter

insulin increases the number of GluT so more glucose is moved into cells

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9
Q

Is osmosis active transport?

Where does osmosis occur?

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

no, osmosis is passive

osmosis occurs through membrane gaps or aquaporins

hydrostatic pressure: pressure liquid exerts on membrane

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10
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

What effect does a hypotonic solution have on a cell?Hypertonic? What is isotonic in the human body?

What are the two types of active transport?

A

pressure that would prevent water movement

hypotonic: cell swells and bursts (lysis), hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation), isotonic: 0.9% saline or 5% dextose in water

active transport: primary (consumes ATP directly, ex. 3 Na+/2 K+ pumps) and secondary (Na+ or H+ gradient drives other ion against their gradient, ex. Na+/Ca2+ antiporters)

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11
Q

What are symporters? Anti porters? Examples?

What does digitalis do?

Is endocytosis passive?

A

symporters: move substances in same direction, anti porter: move substances in opposite directions
digitalis: slows Na+/K+ so there is more Ca2+ in the heart so the heart is stronger

no, endocytosis is active

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12
Q 
Which is not one of the three types of endocytosis?
receptor mediated (highly selective)
phagocytosis
lysocytosis
bulk phase
A

lysocytosis

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13
Q

Put the steps of receptor mediated endocytosis in order?

a. recycle receptors to membrane (endosome brings it)
b. uncoated
c. bind membrane in clathrin coated pit
d. clathrin fold around it
e. fuse with endosome which releases it
f. degradation in lysosomes (particle taken by transport vesicles, lysosome has enzymes)

What is not transported by this?
LDLs, transferin, some vitamins, alcohol, antibodies and some hormones

A

c, d, b, e, a, f

alcohol

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14
Q

What are the two types phagocytes that do phagocytosis?

What does phagocytosis protect against?

How does phagocytosis work?

A

macrophages (common) and neutrophils (white blood cells)

phagocytosis protects against disease

phagocytosis involves: binding to receptor on phagocyte, pseudopods extending, vesicle “phagosome” forms, lysosome breaks it down, leftovers (residual body) are either secreted or stored as lipofuscin granules

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15
Q

What is another name for bulk phase endocytosis?

What does it transport?

What organs is it especially common in?

A

bulk phase endocytosis: aka pinocytosis (“cell drinking”)

it transports the ECF (no receptors needed, membrane forms the vesicle)

very common in kidneys and intestines

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16
Q

What does exocytosis transport? (hint: big)

What is pus?

What is transcytosis?

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

exocytosis transports enzymes and neurotransmitters

pus is a mix of dead neutrophils, macrophages, tissue and fluid

transcytosis: moving across cell from wall to wall

glycolysis occurs in the cytosol (glucose -> 2 ATP)

17
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?
Match the three types of filament with their function:

a. microfilament
b. microtubule
c. intermediate filament

i. strong, stabilize organelles and attach cells together
ii. long, hollow, mostly tubular protein, made in centrosome, determine cell shape, movement of vesicles, chromosomes, cilia and flagella
iii. actin and myosin, edge of cell, movement/mechanical support, anchors to membrane and supports microvilli

A

cytoskeleton: movement and scaffold

a & iii, b & i, c & ii

  • microfilament: thinnest
  • microtubule: thickest
18
Q

Which types of transport are passive? Which are active?

A

passive: diffusion (simple and facilitated), osmosis
active: primary, secondary, vesicle transport, endocytosis (receptor mediated, phagocytosis, bulk-phase), exocytosis, transcytosis

19
Q

What do centrosomes do and what are they made of?

A

do cell division

made of centrioles (9 clusters of 3 microtubules) and pericentriolar material (ring shaped tubular, organizing centres)

20
Q

What are cilia? What are they made of?

What is a flagella?

A

cilia: many, short projections, move fluids along cell surface, made of 20 microtubules (1 pair in the middle with 9 pairs surrounding), adheres to basal body, just below membrane surface
flagella: like long cilia, move whole cells, wavelike wiggle (ex. on sperm)

21
Q

What do ribosomes do? How many parts do they have? Where are they made? Where are they assembled?

A

Ribosomes make proteins, have 2 subunits, made in nucleolus, assembled in the cytoplasm

22
Q

What do ribosomes do in the ER? What do they do if they are free? What do they do in the mitochondria?

A

in ER: make organelle, membrane or exporting proteins
free ribosomes: make cytosol proteins
in mitochondria: make mitochondrial proteins

23
Q

Match:

a. rough ER
b. smooth ER

i. have many enzymes, make fatty acids, steroids, deactivate drugs/toxins, remove P from G6P (so it can enter blood), stores/releases Ca2+ for muscle contraction
ii. attach proteins to carbs/lipids/phospholipids, have ribosomes on surface

A

a & ii, b & i

24
Q

What role does the smooth ER play in drug resistance and dependence?

A

get more smooth ER and enzymes to protect cells from toxins so more drug is needed to get the same effect

25
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do? What is it made of? Where do the cis/trans sides face?

A
  • first step in transport pathway, modifies/sorts/packages and transports proteins from rough ER
  • forms secretory/membrane/transport vesicles
  • made of cisternae
  • cis (convex) cisternae faces the rough ER
  • trans (concave) cisternae faces the membrane
26
Q

What is the lysosome? What is it made from? What does it do? What is its pH? How does it maintain its pH? What is Tay Sachs syndrome?

A

lysosome: membrane enclosed vesicles (made from Golgi), have many enzymes, have active H+ pump
-transport fatty acids, glucose, amino acids; recycle (autophagy); destroy whole cell (autolysis)
pH: 5
Tay Sachs: missing lysosomal enzyme Hex A

27
Q

What are peroxisomes? Which organ has a lot?

What are proteasomes? What do protease do?

A

peroxisomes: have oxidase (remove H), oxidize amino acids, fatty acids and alcohol, detoxify, have decatalase to break down H2O2, have enzymes to destroy superoxide, can self-replicate

  • liver has a lot
  • proteasomes: destroy proteins (barrel shaped, 4 stacked rings around central core)
  • protease: cuts protein
28
Q

What are mitochondria? How many membranes do they have? What are their folds called? What role do they play in apoptosis (orderly, genetically programmed death of cell)? Can they self replicate? How many genes do they have?

A

Mitochondria: generate most ATP by aerobic respiration (many in the muscles, liver and kidney)

  • 2 membranes (inner and outer)
  • folds: cristae
  • mito releases cytochrome c that starts the apoptosis cascade
  • yes, mito can self-replicate
  • have 37 mDNA genes which creates 13 proteins
29
Q

How many genes do humans have?
What does the nucleus do?
Which cells don’t have a nucleus?
Which cells can have more than one nucleus?

A

-30, 000 genes
nucleus: control, direction, makes ribosomes
red blood cells don’t have a nucleus
skeletal cells can have more than one nucleus

30
Q

What is the nuclear membrane made of?
What can move through nuclear pores?
What do nucleoli do?
What is a genome?

A
  • nuclear membrane: double layered lipid bilayer
  • pores let through small molecules and ions (passive) and large molecules (active transport)
    nucleoli: make ribosomes, doesn’t have a membrane
    genome: all genes in an organism
31
Q 
How many chromosomes do humans have?
What are chromatin?
What is a nucleosome?
What is linker DNA?
What is chromatin fiber?
What are chromatids?
What is proteome?
What is a codon?
A

46 chromosomes
chromatin: DNA, protein and RNA complex
nucleosome: DNA wrapped around histone (8 proteins)
linker DNA: string that holds nucleosomes together
chromatin fiber DNA folded into large loops when not dividing
chromatids: tight loops before division
proteome: all proteins in an organism
codon: 3 nucleotides

32
Q 
What does RNA polymerase do?
The promoter?
Introns?
Exons?
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP)?
A

RNA polymerase: catalyzes transcription of DNA
promoter: Where RNA polymerase attaches on the DNA
intron: don’t code for proteins
axons: code for protein
snRNP: cut out introns, split exons together

33
Q

Why can a gene codes more than 10 proteins?
What are the three binding sites on the ribosome?
What is first amino acid in every sequence?
What is a polyribosome?
What drugs are made by recombinant DNA?

A
  • alternative splicing and golgi modifies proteins
  • P, A, E (peptidyl, aminocyl, exit)
  • methionine
  • several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA
  • hGH, insulin, interferon and EPO are made by recombinant DNA
34
Q

What are the three parts of interphase? When is DNA made?
When does cytokinesis occur?
What does G0 mean?
What state is DNA in interphase? In mitosis?

A
  • interphase: G1, S, G2 (S is when DNA is replicated)
  • cytokinesis: in late anaphase
  • G0: cell won’t divide (ex. most nerve cells, skeletal muscle)
  • in interphase: DNA is chromatin, in mitosis: chromosomes
35
Q

What happens in prophase?
What is the kinetochore?
What type of filament pinches the cells apart?
What type of kinases are needed for mitosis?
What is cyclin?
What destroys cyclin?

A

prophase: DNA condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move to opposite poles
- kinetochore: outside centromere, mitotic spindle
- actin pinches the cells apart
- cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdk) activate proteins
- cyclin: switch Cdk’s on and off
- proteasomes destroy cyclin

36
Q 
What is necrosis?
What are the parts of meiosis that contribute to diversity?
What is gerontology?
What causes aging?
What are carcinomas?
Sarcomas?

i. study of aging
ii. pathological cell death from tissue injury
iii. epithelial tumors
iv. caused by telomeres shortening and glucose cross linking proteins which stiffens tissues
v. synapsis and crossing over in prophase I
vi. tumors from muscle/connective tissue

A
  • necrosis: ii, pathological cell death from tissue injury
  • diversity: v, synapsis and crossing over in prophase I
  • gerontology: i, study of aging
  • aging: iv, caused by telomeres shortening and glucose cross linking proteins which stiffens tissues
  • carcinomas: iii, epithelial tumors
  • sacromas: vi, tumors from muscle/connective tissue
37
Q
  1. Which organelle transports AAs, FAs and glucose?
  2. Which organelle breaks down H2O2 and superoxide?
  3. Which organelle modifies proteins?
  4. Which organelle does autolysis and autophagy?
  5. Which organelle oxidizes AAs, FAs and alcohol?
  6. Which organelle packages and sorts materials?

a. peroxisome
b. lysosome
c. golgi

A
  1. lysosome
  2. peroxisome
  3. golgi
  4. lysosome
  5. peroxisome
  6. golgi

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