Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
How much of the body is water?
How many elements are normally in the body?
What are the 4 major elements?
2/3 is water
26 elements in body
4 major elements: 65% O, 18.5% C, 9.5% H, 3.2% N
What are the most common radioactive isotopes used?
Which radioactive isotope is naturally occurring and can seep out of the soil?
H-3, C-14, O-15, O-19
radon-222 can seep out of the soil
What medical purposes are thallium-201, I-131, Cesium-137 and Iridium-192 used for?
thallium-201: monitor blood flow
I-131: detect thyroid gland cancer
cesium-137: treats advanced cervical cancer
iridium-192: treat prostate cancer
Selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin C and E, red/blue/purple fruits/veggies are all examples of what?
antioxidants
Where are the majority of ionic bonds in your body?
bones/teeth
In metabolism, what is anabolism and what is catabolism?
anabolism: making bigger molecules
catabolism: decomposition
Are CO2, HCO3- and H2CO3 organic or inorganic?
inorganic
What is the difference between a colloid and a suspension?
suspension settles, colloid doesn’t
colloid is cloudy
What is normal blood pH?
7.35-7.45
How much of a normal body is carbohydrates?
How much of a normal body is lipids?
Protein?
carbs: 2-3%
lipids: 18-25%
protein: 12-18%
Which of the following are monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides?
- glucose
- cellulose
- starch
- sucrose
- lactose
- fructose
- maltose
- galactose
- deoxyribose
- ribose
- glycogen
monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
disaccharides: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (2 glucose)
polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose
Which of the following are pentoses, which are hexoses?
- glucose
- ribose
- fructose
- galactose
- deoxyribose
pentose: ribose, deoxyribose
hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
Are glucose and fructose isomers?
What is glycogen made of? Where is it stored?
How are disaccharides split into mono?
Do polysaccharides taste sweet?
yes, glucose and fructose are isomers
glycogen: many branched glucose, stored in liver and bones
hydrolysis splits disaccharides into mono
no, polysaccharides don’t taste sweet (don’t dissolve)
What are lipoproteins?
What are eicosanoids? Which vitamins are eicosanoids?
Purpose of triglycerides?
lipoproteins: lipids joined with hydrophilic proteins to be soluble in water
eicosanoids: 20C lipids (ex. vit A, D, E, K)
triglycerides: protection, insulation, energy storage
Purpose of cholesterol?
Which of the following are not steroids:
cholesterol, vitamin C, bile salts, vitamin D, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones
cholesterol: part of cell membrane, precursor to many compounds (ex. bile salts, vitamin D and hormones)
vitamin C is not a steroid
What is vitamin D used for?
Which do adrenocortical hormones not regulate: metabolism, stress, hair growth, salt and water balance
What are carotenes a precursor for?
vitamin D: regulates calcium level, bone growth/repair
hair growth
carotenes: precursor for vitamin A synthesis and antioxidants
Match function with the compound:
- vitamin E
- vitamin K
- lipoproteins
i. wound healing, prevent scarring, nervous system, antioxidant
ii. transport lipids in blood, carry triglycerides/cholesterol to tissues, remove excess cholesterol from blood
iii. synthesis of blood clotting proteins
vit E & i, lipoproteins & ii, vitamin K & iii
How are triglycerides made?
glycerol + 3 fatty acids (dehydration synthesis)
What are phospholipids made of?
glycerol and 2 fatty acids
What are the essential fatty acids?
What do they not do:
raise HDL, lower LDL, promote production of vitamin A, prevent bone loss, reduce inflammation, promote wound healing, improve skin/mental function
omega-3, omega-6, cis-fatty acid
don’t: promote production of vitamin A
Which fatty acid are eicosanoids derived from?
Match the two subclasses of eicosanoids with their function:
a. prostaglandins
b. leukotrienes
i. hormone modification, inflammatory response, prevent ulcers, dilate lung pathways, regulate temp, influence blood clots
ii. allergic and inflammatory responses
eicosanoids derived from 20C arachidonic acid
a & i, b & ii
Are proteins more complex than carbs or lipids?
What are the 1, 2, 3 and 4 levels of structure?
yes, proteins are more complex than carbs or lipids
1- AA seq, 2- alpha helix or beta pleated sheets, 3- 3D shape, 4 - arrangement of 2 or more chains
What are chaperones?
What are the two types of protein?
What are the two parts of an enzyme?
chaperones: help proteins fold
proteins: either fibrous (insoluble, long strands, structural) or globular (somewhat soluble, spherical, metabolic)
two parts of enzyme: apoenzyme or cofactor (cofactor is either metal ion or coenzyme = organic)
What is an oxidase? Kinase?
Which of GATC are purines? Pyrimidines?
oxidase: adds O
kinase: adds phosphate
purines: A and T
pyrimidine: G and C
Which enzyme catalyses the CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (forwards and backwards)
carbonic anhydrase
Which enzyme catalyses:
H2O + ATP -> ADP + P + E
Which enzyme catalyses:
ADP + P + E -> ATP + H2O
losing P (hydrolysis): ATPase adding P (dehydration): ATP synthase
What is the difference in amount of ATP made in anaerobic vs aerobic respiration?
anaerobic: glucose -> pyruvic acid (2 ATP/glucose)
aerobic: glucose -> CO2 + H2O + heat (30-32 ATP/glucose)
