Chapter 2: Chemistry

Question 1

How much of the body is water?
How many elements are normally in the body?
What are the 4 major elements?

Answer 1

2/3 is water
26 elements in body
4 major elements: 65% O, 18.5% C, 9.5% H, 3.2% N

Question 2

What are the most common radioactive isotopes used?

Which radioactive isotope is naturally occurring and can seep out of the soil?

Answer 2

H-3, C-14, O-15, O-19

radon-222 can seep out of the soil

Question 3

What medical purposes are thallium-201, I-131, Cesium-137 and Iridium-192 used for?

Answer 3

thallium-201: monitor blood flow
I-131: detect thyroid gland cancer
cesium-137: treats advanced cervical cancer
iridium-192: treat prostate cancer

Question 4

Selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin C and E, red/blue/purple fruits/veggies are all examples of what?

Answer 4

antioxidants

Question 5

Where are the majority of ionic bonds in your body?

Answer 5

bones/teeth

Question 6

In metabolism, what is anabolism and what is catabolism?

Answer 6

anabolism: making bigger molecules
catabolism: decomposition

Question 7

Are CO2, HCO3- and H2CO3 organic or inorganic?

Answer 7

inorganic

Question 8

What is the difference between a colloid and a suspension?

Answer 8

suspension settles, colloid doesn’t

colloid is cloudy

Question 9

What is normal blood pH?

Answer 9

7.35-7.45

Question 10

How much of a normal body is carbohydrates?
How much of a normal body is lipids?
Protein?

Answer 10

carbs: 2-3%
lipids: 18-25%
protein: 12-18%

Question 11

Which of the following are monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides?

• glucose
• cellulose
• starch
• sucrose
• lactose
• fructose
• maltose
• galactose
• deoxyribose
• ribose
• glycogen

Answer 11

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
disaccharides: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (2 glucose)
polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 12

Which of the following are pentoses, which are hexoses?

• glucose
• ribose
• fructose
• galactose
• deoxyribose

Answer 12

pentose: ribose, deoxyribose
hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 13

Are glucose and fructose isomers?
What is glycogen made of? Where is it stored?
How are disaccharides split into mono?
Do polysaccharides taste sweet?

Answer 13

yes, glucose and fructose are isomers
glycogen: many branched glucose, stored in liver and bones
hydrolysis splits disaccharides into mono
no, polysaccharides don’t taste sweet (don’t dissolve)

Question 14

What are lipoproteins?
What are eicosanoids? Which vitamins are eicosanoids?
Purpose of triglycerides?

Answer 14

lipoproteins: lipids joined with hydrophilic proteins to be soluble in water
eicosanoids: 20C lipids (ex. vit A, D, E, K)
triglycerides: protection, insulation, energy storage

Question 15

Purpose of cholesterol?

Which of the following are not steroids:
cholesterol, vitamin C, bile salts, vitamin D, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones

Answer 15

cholesterol: part of cell membrane, precursor to many compounds (ex. bile salts, vitamin D and hormones)

vitamin C is not a steroid

Question 16

What is vitamin D used for?

Which do adrenocortical hormones not regulate: metabolism, stress, hair growth, salt and water balance

What are carotenes a precursor for?

Answer 16

vitamin D: regulates calcium level, bone growth/repair

hair growth

carotenes: precursor for vitamin A synthesis and antioxidants

Question 17

Match function with the compound:

• vitamin E
• vitamin K
• lipoproteins

i. wound healing, prevent scarring, nervous system, antioxidant
ii. transport lipids in blood, carry triglycerides/cholesterol to tissues, remove excess cholesterol from blood
iii. synthesis of blood clotting proteins

Answer 17

vit E & i, lipoproteins & ii, vitamin K & iii

Question 18

How are triglycerides made?

Answer 18

glycerol + 3 fatty acids (dehydration synthesis)

Question 19

What are phospholipids made of?

Answer 19

glycerol and 2 fatty acids

Question 20

What are the essential fatty acids?

What do they not do:
raise HDL, lower LDL, promote production of vitamin A, prevent bone loss, reduce inflammation, promote wound healing, improve skin/mental function

Answer 20

omega-3, omega-6, cis-fatty acid

don’t: promote production of vitamin A

Question 21

Which fatty acid are eicosanoids derived from?

Match the two subclasses of eicosanoids with their function:

a. prostaglandins
b. leukotrienes

i. hormone modification, inflammatory response, prevent ulcers, dilate lung pathways, regulate temp, influence blood clots
ii. allergic and inflammatory responses

Answer 21

eicosanoids derived from 20C arachidonic acid

a & i, b & ii

Question 22

Are proteins more complex than carbs or lipids?

What are the 1, 2, 3 and 4 levels of structure?

Answer 22

yes, proteins are more complex than carbs or lipids

1- AA seq, 2- alpha helix or beta pleated sheets, 3- 3D shape, 4 - arrangement of 2 or more chains

Question 23

What are chaperones?
What are the two types of protein?
What are the two parts of an enzyme?

Answer 23

chaperones: help proteins fold
proteins: either fibrous (insoluble, long strands, structural) or globular (somewhat soluble, spherical, metabolic)

two parts of enzyme: apoenzyme or cofactor (cofactor is either metal ion or coenzyme = organic)

Question 24

What is an oxidase? Kinase?

Which of GATC are purines? Pyrimidines?

Answer 24

oxidase: adds O
kinase: adds phosphate
purines: A and T
pyrimidine: G and C

Question 25

Which enzyme catalyses the CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (forwards and backwards)

Answer 25

carbonic anhydrase

Question 26

Which enzyme catalyses:
H2O + ATP -> ADP + P + E

Which enzyme catalyses:
ADP + P + E -> ATP + H2O

Answer 26

losing P (hydrolysis): ATPase
adding P (dehydration): ATP synthase

Question 27

What is the difference in amount of ATP made in anaerobic vs aerobic respiration?

Answer 27

anaerobic: glucose -> pyruvic acid (2 ATP/glucose)
aerobic: glucose -> CO2 + H2O + heat (30-32 ATP/glucose)