Chapter 4: Tissue

Question 1

Is tissue influenced by surrounding ECF and connections?
What is biopsy?
What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 1

Yes
Biopsy: removal of living tissue
4 types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

Question 2

Which type of tissue stores energy as fat and helps provide immunity?

What are the five main types of cell junctions?

Why are connective and epithelial tissue typically nearby?

Which are major tightly packed: epithelial or connective?

What are the three main functions of the epithelial?

Answer 2

connective

5 main types of cell junction: tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap

epithelial tissue doesn’t have blood vessels, connective does

epithelial

epithelial 3 main functions: selective barrier, secretory surface, protective surface

Question 3

What three types of cell junctions have plaque?

Which type of junction has strands of transmembrane proteins?

Which two types of junctions have cadherin as their transmembrane glycoprotein?

Answer 3

adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

tight junctions have transmembrane proteins

adherens and desmosome junction have cadherin

Question 4

Which junction adheres cells to the basement membrane?

Which junctions have keratin filaments?

Which junction has integrin as the transmembrane glycoprotein?

Answer 4

hemidesmosomes

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

hemidesmosomes

Question 5

Which junction has adhesion belts made of actin and plaque?

Which junction has connexons made of connexins across the transmembrane?

Answer 5

adherens junctions

gap junctions

Question 6

Where in the body are tight junctions?

Answer 6

tight junctions: stomach, intestine, bladder lining

Question 7

Which type of junction is in the intestines that helps them resist separating?

Answer 7

adherens junctions (with their adhesion belts)

Question 8

Which type of junction is common in the epidermis and cardiac cells?

Answer 8

desmosomes

Question 9

Which type of junction is common in lens, cornea, developing embryo?

Answer 9

gap junction (allows nerve/muscle impulses)

Question 10

What is the apical, lateral and basal surface in the epithelial? What are the two layers of the basement layer?

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 10

apical: top layer, lateral: sides between cells, basal: bottom (has hemidemosomes to connect to basement layer)

basement layer: basal lamina is upper layer and reticular lamina is lower layer

two types: covering/lining and glandular

Question 11

What are the three types of epithelium layers and four types of cell shapes?

Answer 11

three types of layers: simple, pseudostratified, stratified

three cell shapes: squamous (thin, flat), cuboidal, columnar, transitional (change shapes)

Question 12

What is keratinized? Which layer of cells determine their classification?

Answer 12

keratinized: layer of hardened, dead cells on top

apical layer determines classification

Question 13

Match:

a. simple squamous epithelium
b. simple cuboidal epithelium
c. non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
d. ciliated columnar epithelium

i. location: gastrointestinal tract, gland ducts, gallbladder; have microvilli (increase surface area)
ii. endothelium: in heart, blood vessels, lymph lining, lung air sacs, kidney glomerular capsule, ear drum
mesothelium: serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
iii. location: bronchioles, fallopian tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, brain ventricles; have cilia (which move mucus),
iv. location: ovary surface, eye lens anterior surface, retina posterior pigment, kidney tubules, gland ducts, secreting glands

Answer 13

a& ii (easy passage for diffusion, filtration, secretion)
b& iv (function: secretion and absorption)
c & i (secretion/absorption, mucus lubricates (made by goblet cells), protects stomach)
d & iii (has goblet cells that make mucus)

Question 14

Match:

a. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. stratified cuboidal epithelium
d. stratified columnar epithelium

i. ciliated (with goblet cells): upper respiratory tract
nonciliated: glands, epididymis, urethra
ii. has short, irregular basal layer; location: urethra, excretory ducts, esophageal, anus membranes, eye conjunctiva
iii. rare type of tissue; location: sweat glands, esophageal glands, urethra (male)
iv. location (non-keratinized): mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, pharynx, tongue, vagina; function: protection, retain water

Answer 14

a & i (function: ciliated: secrete/move mucus; nonciliated: absorption/protection)
b & iv (note: top layer is squamous and keratinized, deeper layers can be other)
c & iii (note: function: protection, limited secretion/absorption)
d & ii (function: protection and secretion)

Question 15

What does transitional epithelium look like when relaxed vs. stretched? Where is it located?

Exocrine vs. endocrine gland? Examples?

Answer 15

relaxed transitional: cuboidal, stretched: squamous
location: bladder, part of ureter and urethra

endocrine: release into blood, large reach ex. pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus
exocrine: secrete into duct, limited reach ex. sweat, oil, earwax, salivary, pancreas

Question 16

What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland? Multicellular?

What are the two criteria for shape of multicellular exocrine gland?

Answer 16

Unicellular: goblet
Multicellular: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), salivary glands

Criteria: branched or unbranched, tubular or acinar (rounded secretory portion) or both (tubuloacinar)

Note: alveolar glands are acinar

Question 17

Give an example for each exocrine shape:

a. simple tubular
b. simple branched tubular
c. simple coiled tubular
d. simple acinar
e. simple branched acinar
f. compound tubular
g. compound acinar
h. compound tubuloacinar

Answer 17

a. simple tubular: large intestine glands
b. simple branched tubular: gastric glands
c. simple coiled tubular: sweat glands
d. simple acinar: penile urethra glands
e. simple branched acinar: sebaceous glands
f. compound tubular: bulbourethral (Cowper’s gland)
g. compound acinar: mammary gland
h. compound tubuloacinar: acinar glands of pancreas

Question 18

Match the three ways exocrine glands can secrete?

a. merocrine
b. apocrine
c. holocrine

i. cell matures and ruptures. ex. sebaceous
ii. vesicle exocytosis ex. salivary, pancreas, sweat
iii. cell pinches off (exocytosis), ex. milk fat in mammary

Answer 18

a & ii, b & iii, c & i

Question 19

Is connective tissue vascular? Exceptions?

Does connective tissue have nerves? Exception?

What are mesenchymal cells?

Immature cells end in what? Mature cells?

What do immature cells do? Mature?

Where are chondroblasts?

Answer 19

Yes, except cartilage (avascular) and tendons (low blood)

Yes, except cartilage

Mesenchymal: embryonic cells that become connective

Immature: blast, mature: cyte

Immature: divide, secrete EC matrix; mature: monitor/maintain

Chondroblasts: cartilage

Question 20

Match the six types of connective cells with their description:

1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages
3. plasma cells
4. mast cells
5. adipocyte
6. leukocyte

a. small, from B lymphocyte (WBC), secrete antibodies, in gastrointestinal, respiratory, lymph, spleen and red bone marrow
b. along blood vessels, produce histamine (vessel dilator) and kill bacteria
c. most common, secrete fibers and some ground substance, large, flat and branched
d. WBC, neutrophils for infection, eosinophils for allergic reaction or parasites
e. store triglycerides, deep in skin and around organs (heart, kidneys)
f. from monocyte (WBC), irregular shape, short branches, do phagocytosis, either wandering or fixed (ex. alveolar, splenic)

Answer 20

1 & c, 2 & f, 3 & a, 4 & b, 5 & e, 6 & d

Question 21

What is the ground substance made of?

a. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate
b. water, organic molecules (polysaccharides and proteins) and adhesion proteins

What are the components that make up glycosaminaoglycans (GAG)?

a. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate
b. water, organic molecules (polysaccharides and proteins) and adhesion proteins

Which component of GAG does NOT attach to proteoglycans and protude as bristles?

Answer 21

ground substance: b
GAG: a

Hyaluronic acid doesn’t bind to proteoglycans

Question 22

What does hyaluronic acid do?

How do WBC, sperm and some bacteria move through gelatinous substances faster?

What is the main adhesion protein in the ground substance?

Answer 22

binds and lubricates, increases viscosity in joints and eyeballs

they have hyaluronidases which break down hyaluronic acid and decrease viscosity

fibronectin: main adhesion protein

Question 23

Where are chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate in the body?

a. support/adhesion in cartilage, bone, skin and blood
b. bone, cartilage, cornea
c. skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

Answer 23

chondroitin sulfate: a
dermatan sulfate: c
keratan sulfate: b

Question 24

Match the three types of fibers with their composition and function:

• collagen
• elastic fibers
• reticular fibers

a. very thin, collagen bundled and coated with glycoprotein, networks with branches, made by fibroblasts
b. thinner than collagen, protein elastin with glycoprotein fibrillin, forms networks
c. most common, often bundled, strong but flexible, 25% of protein in the body

i. skin, blood vessel walls, lungs
ii. most tissue, especially bone, cartilage, tendon (attaches muscle to bones) and ligaments (attach bone to bone)
iii. areolar, adipose, nerve fibers, smooth muscle, stroma (supporting framework of soft organs, ex. spleen, lymph), basement membrane

Answer 24

collagen: c & ii
elastic fibers: b & i
reticular fibers: a & iii

Question 25

What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue and the five types of mature connective tissue?

Answer 25

embryonic: mesenchyme and mucous
mature: loose (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense (regular, irregular, elastic), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), bone, liquid (blood, lymph)

Question 26

Match:

• mesenchyme
• mucous

i. irregular in semifluid with delicate reticular fibres
ii. location : umbilical cord
iii. fibroblasts in thick jelly with collagen
iv. under skin, along developing ones (in adults: along blood vessels); forms almost all other connective tissue

Answer 26

mesenchyme: i & iv
mucous: ii & iii

Question 27

Match:

• areolar connective tissue
• adipose connective tissue
• reticular connective tissue
• dense regular connective tissue
• dense irregular connective tissue

a. collagen fibres with few fibroblasts, usually in sheets
location: fasciae (tissue beneath skin, around muscles/organs), reticular dermis, pericardium, periosteum of bone, perichondrium, joint capsules, membrane capsules around organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), heart valves
- strength in many directions

b. location: skin, heart, kidneys, yellow bone marrow, joint padding, behind eye
function: insulated, energy reserve
note: has lots of blood vessels

c. collagen fibres with fibroblasts, heal slowly, strong attachment
location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or bone to bone)

d. widely distributed, has the 3 fibres, 6 types of cells and GAG in a semifluid
location: skin, lamina propia of mucous, blood vessels, nerves, organs

e. fine network of reticular fibers/cells
location: stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow, reticular lamina of basement membranes, around blood vessels and muscles
function: bind smooth muscle, filter/remove old blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

Answer 27

areolar: d
adipose: b (has adipocytes (made from fibroblasts))
reticular: e
dense regular: c (regularly arranged bundled collagen fibers)
dense irregular: a (irregular collagen fibres)

Question 28

What does dense connective tissue have more of than loose connective tissue?

Answer 28

dense connective tissue has more fibres but less cells

Question 29

What is elastic connective tissue made of? Location? Function?

Answer 29

• mostly elastic fibres with fibroblasts, yellow colour
  location: lungs, arteries, trachea, bronchial, vocal cords, penis suspensory ligaments, some vertebral ligaments

lamellae: sheets of elastic material

Question 30

What is cartilage made of? What are its properties? What does it not have? What are its mature cells called? What is lacunae? What is perichondrium? What is it a precursor for? Where does cartilage lubricate?

Answer 30

made of collagen, elastic and chondroitin sulfate (which makes it resilient)

• strong and resilient, heals poorly (no blood)
• no nerves or blood vessels
• mature cells: chondrocytes
• lacunae: groups of chondrocytes
• perichondrium: layer that surrounds most cartilage, has blood vessels and nerves, source of new cartilage cells
• cartilage is a precursor for bone (in growth plate)
• cartilage lubricates articular joint surfaces

Question 31

What are the two types of growth in cartilage?

Answer 31

-interstitial growth: growth from within, in childhood/youth, chondrocytes divide, fast

• appositional: on outer surface
• perichondrium -> chondroblasts -> chondrocytes
• slow, in adolescence, grows in width

Question 32

Match:

a. hyaline cartilage
b. fibrocartilage
c. elastic cartilage

i. most common and the weakest
- resilient gel with lacunae and perichondrium
location: long bone ends, rib anterior end, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic/fetal skeleton

ii. elastic fibers, chondrocytes, periochondrium in threadlike network
location: epiglottis, auricle (external ear), eustachian tubes

iii. strongest type
- thick bundles of collagen fibers with chondrocytes
- no perichondrium
location: pubic symphysis (anterior hip joint), intervertebral discs, monisci of knee (cartilage pads), parts of tendons inserted into cartilage

Answer 32

a & i, b & iii, c & ii

Question 33

What is bone made of?

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 33

bone: calcium, phosphate, red bone marrow (RBC/WBC), yellow bone marrow (fat), periosteum, endosteum (membrane of yellow bone marrow)
bone: either compact or spongy

Question 34

What is compact bone made of?

What is spongy bone made of?

Answer 34

compact bone: made of osteons
has lamellae (strong, rings of calcium and phosphate, collagen); lacunae (osteocytes); canaliculi (canal for waste/nutrients); central canal (blood vessels/nerves)

spongy bone: trabeculae which are columns of lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canalial with red bone marrow between columns

Question 35

What is in blood tissue?

What is a membrane? What are they usually made of?

What is the one type of membrane without epithelial tissue?

Answer 35

blood tissue: plasma (nutrients, waste, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, O2/CO2, ions), RBC, WBC, platelets (thrombocytes)

membrane: flat flexible sheets that cover/line, usually made of epithelium

synovial membrane in joints doesn’t have epithelial tissue, just connective

Question 36

Match membranes to their description:

a. mucous
b. serous
c. cutaneous
d. synovial

i. made of areolar connective and mesothelium (simple squamous)
- has two layers (parietal and visceral)
- location: pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (ab. organs)

ii. made of epithelium and lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
- lines cavities open to exterior ex. digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary
- protects, secretes enzymes, absorbs food/fluid

iii. made of synoviocytes, synovial fluid, macrophages, areolar and adipose connective tissue
- no epithelium layer
location: freely moveable joints

iv. skin, covers body
- made of: epidermis (keratinized, superficial) and dermis (irregular and areolar connective tissue)

Answer 36

a & ii, b & i, c & iv, d & iii

Question 37

What type of cell is muscle tissue made of?

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 37

muscle is made of myocytes (muscle fibers)

three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 38

Match the types of muscle tissue:

a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. smooth

i. branched, striated, intercalated discs (desmosomes for strength, gap junctions for electrical signals)
- involuntary

ii. nonstriated, tapered ends, have gap junctions for simultaneous contraction
- usually involuntary
location: iris, blood vessels, lung airways, stomach, intestine, gallbladder, bladder, uterus

iii. long, cylindrical, striated fibers (voluntary control)

Answer 38

a & iii, b & i, c & ii

Question 39

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

Which types of cells are excitable?

Answer 39

• neurons (conduct) and neuroglia

- nervous and muscle cells are excitable

Question 40

What two types of tissue can make cells?

Which type is preferable?

What types of tissue regenerate well? Which don’t?

What are satellite cells?

What is granulation tissue?

Answer 40

stroma (supporting connective tissue) and parenchyme (fuctioning tissue/organ) can both make new cells

parenchyme is preferable as the cells will function

nervous don’t really repair, muscle repairs poorly. Most epithelial repairs well, some connective does (bone does but not cartilage)

satellite cells: muscle stem cells

granulation tissue: actively growing connective tissue

Question 41

What is wound dehiscence?

What affects wound healing?

What is adhesion?

How does aging affect healing?

Answer 41

wound dehiscence: at the incision, outer layers separate

wound healing: affected by nutrition (especially protein and vitamin C), blood circulation, age

adhesion: abnormal tissue joining (less flexibility)
age: thinnner skin, fragile connective tissue, muscle loss, stiffness (glucose crosslinks), more collagen (less flexibility), thickening elastin

Question 42

What types of connective tissue are loose?

a. hyaline
b. blood
c. areolar
d. adipose
e. lymph
f. reticular

Answer 42

loose: c, d, f (areolar, adipose, reticular)

Question 43

Which types of connective tissue are dense?

a. regular
b. irregular
c. areolar
d. adipose
e. elastic
f. reticular

Answer 43

dense: a, b, e (regular, irregular, elastic)

Question 44

Which type of connective tissue filters out old blood cells in spleen, binds smooth muscle, and removes microbes in lymph?

a. hyaline
b. blood
c. areolar
d. adipose
e. lymph
f. reticular

Answer 44

f, reticular

Question 45

What is cartilage not made of:

a. adipose
b. collagen
c. elastic fibers
d. chondroitin sulfate

Answer 45

a. adipose

Question 46

Which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium?

a. hyaline
b. fibrocartilage
c. elastic

Answer 46

b. fibrocartilage