Chapter 4: Tissue Flashcards
Is tissue influenced by surrounding ECF and connections?
What is biopsy?
What are the four types of tissue?
Yes
Biopsy: removal of living tissue
4 types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
Which type of tissue stores energy as fat and helps provide immunity?
What are the five main types of cell junctions?
Why are connective and epithelial tissue typically nearby?
Which are major tightly packed: epithelial or connective?
What are the three main functions of the epithelial?
connective
5 main types of cell junction: tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap
epithelial tissue doesn’t have blood vessels, connective does
epithelial
epithelial 3 main functions: selective barrier, secretory surface, protective surface
What three types of cell junctions have plaque?
Which type of junction has strands of transmembrane proteins?
Which two types of junctions have cadherin as their transmembrane glycoprotein?
adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
tight junctions have transmembrane proteins
adherens and desmosome junction have cadherin
Which junction adheres cells to the basement membrane?
Which junctions have keratin filaments?
Which junction has integrin as the transmembrane glycoprotein?
hemidesmosomes
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
hemidesmosomes
Which junction has adhesion belts made of actin and plaque?
Which junction has connexons made of connexins across the transmembrane?
adherens junctions
gap junctions
Where in the body are tight junctions?
tight junctions: stomach, intestine, bladder lining
Which type of junction is in the intestines that helps them resist separating?
adherens junctions (with their adhesion belts)
Which type of junction is common in the epidermis and cardiac cells?
desmosomes
Which type of junction is common in lens, cornea, developing embryo?
gap junction (allows nerve/muscle impulses)
What is the apical, lateral and basal surface in the epithelial? What are the two layers of the basement layer?
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
apical: top layer, lateral: sides between cells, basal: bottom (has hemidemosomes to connect to basement layer)
basement layer: basal lamina is upper layer and reticular lamina is lower layer
two types: covering/lining and glandular
What are the three types of epithelium layers and four types of cell shapes?
three types of layers: simple, pseudostratified, stratified
three cell shapes: squamous (thin, flat), cuboidal, columnar, transitional (change shapes)
What is keratinized? Which layer of cells determine their classification?
keratinized: layer of hardened, dead cells on top
apical layer determines classification
Match:
a. simple squamous epithelium
b. simple cuboidal epithelium
c. non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
d. ciliated columnar epithelium
i. location: gastrointestinal tract, gland ducts, gallbladder; have microvilli (increase surface area)
ii. endothelium: in heart, blood vessels, lymph lining, lung air sacs, kidney glomerular capsule, ear drum
mesothelium: serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
iii. location: bronchioles, fallopian tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, brain ventricles; have cilia (which move mucus),
iv. location: ovary surface, eye lens anterior surface, retina posterior pigment, kidney tubules, gland ducts, secreting glands
a& ii (easy passage for diffusion, filtration, secretion)
b& iv (function: secretion and absorption)
c & i (secretion/absorption, mucus lubricates (made by goblet cells), protects stomach)
d & iii (has goblet cells that make mucus)
Match:
a. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. stratified cuboidal epithelium
d. stratified columnar epithelium
i. ciliated (with goblet cells): upper respiratory tract
nonciliated: glands, epididymis, urethra
ii. has short, irregular basal layer; location: urethra, excretory ducts, esophageal, anus membranes, eye conjunctiva
iii. rare type of tissue; location: sweat glands, esophageal glands, urethra (male)
iv. location (non-keratinized): mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, pharynx, tongue, vagina; function: protection, retain water
a & i (function: ciliated: secrete/move mucus; nonciliated: absorption/protection)
b & iv (note: top layer is squamous and keratinized, deeper layers can be other)
c & iii (note: function: protection, limited secretion/absorption)
d & ii (function: protection and secretion)
What does transitional epithelium look like when relaxed vs. stretched? Where is it located?
Exocrine vs. endocrine gland? Examples?
relaxed transitional: cuboidal, stretched: squamous
location: bladder, part of ureter and urethra
endocrine: release into blood, large reach ex. pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus
exocrine: secrete into duct, limited reach ex. sweat, oil, earwax, salivary, pancreas
What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland? Multicellular?
What are the two criteria for shape of multicellular exocrine gland?
Unicellular: goblet
Multicellular: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), salivary glands
Criteria: branched or unbranched, tubular or acinar (rounded secretory portion) or both (tubuloacinar)
Note: alveolar glands are acinar
Give an example for each exocrine shape:
a. simple tubular
b. simple branched tubular
c. simple coiled tubular
d. simple acinar
e. simple branched acinar
f. compound tubular
g. compound acinar
h. compound tubuloacinar
a. simple tubular: large intestine glands
b. simple branched tubular: gastric glands
c. simple coiled tubular: sweat glands
d. simple acinar: penile urethra glands
e. simple branched acinar: sebaceous glands
f. compound tubular: bulbourethral (Cowper’s gland)
g. compound acinar: mammary gland
h. compound tubuloacinar: acinar glands of pancreas
Match the three ways exocrine glands can secrete?
a. merocrine
b. apocrine
c. holocrine
i. cell matures and ruptures. ex. sebaceous
ii. vesicle exocytosis ex. salivary, pancreas, sweat
iii. cell pinches off (exocytosis), ex. milk fat in mammary
a & ii, b & iii, c & i
Is connective tissue vascular? Exceptions?
Does connective tissue have nerves? Exception?
What are mesenchymal cells?
Immature cells end in what? Mature cells?
What do immature cells do? Mature?
Where are chondroblasts?
Yes, except cartilage (avascular) and tendons (low blood)
Yes, except cartilage
Mesenchymal: embryonic cells that become connective
Immature: blast, mature: cyte
Immature: divide, secrete EC matrix; mature: monitor/maintain
Chondroblasts: cartilage
Match the six types of connective cells with their description:
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- plasma cells
- mast cells
- adipocyte
- leukocyte
a. small, from B lymphocyte (WBC), secrete antibodies, in gastrointestinal, respiratory, lymph, spleen and red bone marrow
b. along blood vessels, produce histamine (vessel dilator) and kill bacteria
c. most common, secrete fibers and some ground substance, large, flat and branched
d. WBC, neutrophils for infection, eosinophils for allergic reaction or parasites
e. store triglycerides, deep in skin and around organs (heart, kidneys)
f. from monocyte (WBC), irregular shape, short branches, do phagocytosis, either wandering or fixed (ex. alveolar, splenic)
1 & c, 2 & f, 3 & a, 4 & b, 5 & e, 6 & d
What is the ground substance made of?
a. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate
b. water, organic molecules (polysaccharides and proteins) and adhesion proteins
What are the components that make up glycosaminaoglycans (GAG)?
a. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate
b. water, organic molecules (polysaccharides and proteins) and adhesion proteins
Which component of GAG does NOT attach to proteoglycans and protude as bristles?
ground substance: b
GAG: a
Hyaluronic acid doesn’t bind to proteoglycans
What does hyaluronic acid do?
How do WBC, sperm and some bacteria move through gelatinous substances faster?
What is the main adhesion protein in the ground substance?
binds and lubricates, increases viscosity in joints and eyeballs
they have hyaluronidases which break down hyaluronic acid and decrease viscosity
fibronectin: main adhesion protein
Where are chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate in the body?
a. support/adhesion in cartilage, bone, skin and blood
b. bone, cartilage, cornea
c. skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves
chondroitin sulfate: a
dermatan sulfate: c
keratan sulfate: b
Match the three types of fibers with their composition and function:
- collagen
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
a. very thin, collagen bundled and coated with glycoprotein, networks with branches, made by fibroblasts
b. thinner than collagen, protein elastin with glycoprotein fibrillin, forms networks
c. most common, often bundled, strong but flexible, 25% of protein in the body
i. skin, blood vessel walls, lungs
ii. most tissue, especially bone, cartilage, tendon (attaches muscle to bones) and ligaments (attach bone to bone)
iii. areolar, adipose, nerve fibers, smooth muscle, stroma (supporting framework of soft organs, ex. spleen, lymph), basement membrane
collagen: c & ii
elastic fibers: b & i
reticular fibers: a & iii
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue and the five types of mature connective tissue?
embryonic: mesenchyme and mucous
mature: loose (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense (regular, irregular, elastic), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), bone, liquid (blood, lymph)
Match:
- mesenchyme
- mucous
i. irregular in semifluid with delicate reticular fibres
ii. location : umbilical cord
iii. fibroblasts in thick jelly with collagen
iv. under skin, along developing ones (in adults: along blood vessels); forms almost all other connective tissue
mesenchyme: i & iv
mucous: ii & iii
Match:
- areolar connective tissue
- adipose connective tissue
- reticular connective tissue
- dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
a. collagen fibres with few fibroblasts, usually in sheets
location: fasciae (tissue beneath skin, around muscles/organs), reticular dermis, pericardium, periosteum of bone, perichondrium, joint capsules, membrane capsules around organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), heart valves
- strength in many directions
b. location: skin, heart, kidneys, yellow bone marrow, joint padding, behind eye
function: insulated, energy reserve
note: has lots of blood vessels
c. collagen fibres with fibroblasts, heal slowly, strong attachment
location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or bone to bone)
d. widely distributed, has the 3 fibres, 6 types of cells and GAG in a semifluid
location: skin, lamina propia of mucous, blood vessels, nerves, organs
e. fine network of reticular fibers/cells
location: stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow, reticular lamina of basement membranes, around blood vessels and muscles
function: bind smooth muscle, filter/remove old blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
areolar: d
adipose: b (has adipocytes (made from fibroblasts))
reticular: e
dense regular: c (regularly arranged bundled collagen fibers)
dense irregular: a (irregular collagen fibres)
What does dense connective tissue have more of than loose connective tissue?
dense connective tissue has more fibres but less cells
What is elastic connective tissue made of? Location? Function?
- mostly elastic fibres with fibroblasts, yellow colour
location: lungs, arteries, trachea, bronchial, vocal cords, penis suspensory ligaments, some vertebral ligaments
lamellae: sheets of elastic material
What is cartilage made of? What are its properties? What does it not have? What are its mature cells called? What is lacunae? What is perichondrium? What is it a precursor for? Where does cartilage lubricate?
made of collagen, elastic and chondroitin sulfate (which makes it resilient)
- strong and resilient, heals poorly (no blood)
- no nerves or blood vessels
- mature cells: chondrocytes
- lacunae: groups of chondrocytes
- perichondrium: layer that surrounds most cartilage, has blood vessels and nerves, source of new cartilage cells
- cartilage is a precursor for bone (in growth plate)
- cartilage lubricates articular joint surfaces
What are the two types of growth in cartilage?
-interstitial growth: growth from within, in childhood/youth, chondrocytes divide, fast
- appositional: on outer surface
- perichondrium -> chondroblasts -> chondrocytes
- slow, in adolescence, grows in width
Match:
a. hyaline cartilage
b. fibrocartilage
c. elastic cartilage
i. most common and the weakest
- resilient gel with lacunae and perichondrium
location: long bone ends, rib anterior end, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic/fetal skeleton
ii. elastic fibers, chondrocytes, periochondrium in threadlike network
location: epiglottis, auricle (external ear), eustachian tubes
iii. strongest type
- thick bundles of collagen fibers with chondrocytes
- no perichondrium
location: pubic symphysis (anterior hip joint), intervertebral discs, monisci of knee (cartilage pads), parts of tendons inserted into cartilage
a & i, b & iii, c & ii
What is bone made of?
What are the two types of bone?
bone: calcium, phosphate, red bone marrow (RBC/WBC), yellow bone marrow (fat), periosteum, endosteum (membrane of yellow bone marrow)
bone: either compact or spongy
What is compact bone made of?
What is spongy bone made of?
compact bone: made of osteons has lamellae (strong, rings of calcium and phosphate, collagen); lacunae (osteocytes); canaliculi (canal for waste/nutrients); central canal (blood vessels/nerves)
spongy bone: trabeculae which are columns of lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canalial with red bone marrow between columns
What is in blood tissue?
What is a membrane? What are they usually made of?
What is the one type of membrane without epithelial tissue?
blood tissue: plasma (nutrients, waste, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, O2/CO2, ions), RBC, WBC, platelets (thrombocytes)
membrane: flat flexible sheets that cover/line, usually made of epithelium
synovial membrane in joints doesn’t have epithelial tissue, just connective
Match membranes to their description:
a. mucous
b. serous
c. cutaneous
d. synovial
i. made of areolar connective and mesothelium (simple squamous)
- has two layers (parietal and visceral)
- location: pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (ab. organs)
ii. made of epithelium and lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
- lines cavities open to exterior ex. digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary
- protects, secretes enzymes, absorbs food/fluid
iii. made of synoviocytes, synovial fluid, macrophages, areolar and adipose connective tissue
- no epithelium layer
location: freely moveable joints
iv. skin, covers body
- made of: epidermis (keratinized, superficial) and dermis (irregular and areolar connective tissue)
a & ii, b & i, c & iv, d & iii
What type of cell is muscle tissue made of?
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
muscle is made of myocytes (muscle fibers)
three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Match the types of muscle tissue:
a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. smooth
i. branched, striated, intercalated discs (desmosomes for strength, gap junctions for electrical signals)
- involuntary
ii. nonstriated, tapered ends, have gap junctions for simultaneous contraction
- usually involuntary
location: iris, blood vessels, lung airways, stomach, intestine, gallbladder, bladder, uterus
iii. long, cylindrical, striated fibers (voluntary control)
a & iii, b & i, c & ii
What are the two types of nervous tissue?
Which types of cells are excitable?
- neurons (conduct) and neuroglia
- nervous and muscle cells are excitable
What two types of tissue can make cells?
Which type is preferable?
What types of tissue regenerate well? Which don’t?
What are satellite cells?
What is granulation tissue?
stroma (supporting connective tissue) and parenchyme (fuctioning tissue/organ) can both make new cells
parenchyme is preferable as the cells will function
nervous don’t really repair, muscle repairs poorly. Most epithelial repairs well, some connective does (bone does but not cartilage)
satellite cells: muscle stem cells
granulation tissue: actively growing connective tissue
What is wound dehiscence?
What affects wound healing?
What is adhesion?
How does aging affect healing?
wound dehiscence: at the incision, outer layers separate
wound healing: affected by nutrition (especially protein and vitamin C), blood circulation, age
adhesion: abnormal tissue joining (less flexibility)
age: thinnner skin, fragile connective tissue, muscle loss, stiffness (glucose crosslinks), more collagen (less flexibility), thickening elastin
What types of connective tissue are loose?
a. hyaline
b. blood
c. areolar
d. adipose
e. lymph
f. reticular
loose: c, d, f (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Which types of connective tissue are dense?
a. regular
b. irregular
c. areolar
d. adipose
e. elastic
f. reticular
dense: a, b, e (regular, irregular, elastic)
Which type of connective tissue filters out old blood cells in spleen, binds smooth muscle, and removes microbes in lymph?
a. hyaline
b. blood
c. areolar
d. adipose
e. lymph
f. reticular
f, reticular
What is cartilage not made of:
a. adipose
b. collagen
c. elastic fibers
d. chondroitin sulfate
a. adipose
Which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium?
a. hyaline
b. fibrocartilage
c. elastic
b. fibrocartilage
