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anthropology midterm 1 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

these features exist in every society

A

marriage, kinship, family universal

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2
Q

Marriage

A

a socially approved union between two or more adult partners that regulates the sexual and economic rights and obligations between them.

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3
Q

rise Romantic love

A

came during the rise of individualism, democracy reinforces the notion of love, before this time marriages were functional

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4
Q

why people get married

A

sexual divisions of labour, legitimates children, economic and political considerations (people marry like), extends social relationships, status/social class if you marry into a higher class, duty, to survive-green cards

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5
Q

Functions of marriage

A
  1. regulating mating,
  2. child rearing in a socially approved way
  3. regulating division of labour (who does what)
  4. creates a set of family relationships that can provide for the material, educational and emotional needs of children
  5. legitimizes children- more so 50 years ago
  6. support unite- children (free labour),
  7. defines social position of individuals- adulthood
  8. establishes legal rights and interests
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6
Q

previous common law definition

A

lawful union of one man and one woman

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7
Q

recent common law definition

A

lawful union of two persons to the exclusion of all others (exclusivity- concept of marriage)

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8
Q

Monogamy

A

having only one spouse at a time

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9
Q

serial monogamy

A

the practice of having a succession of marriage partners, but only one at a time

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10
Q

reasons to avoid marriage

A
  • fewer people in organized religion and not as pressured
  • debts are high and marriage is expensive
  • career pressures and expectations
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11
Q

exogamy

A

marriage outside a specified social/kinship group- not marrying direct relatives

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12
Q

endogamy

A

marriage within one’s own specified social/kinship group

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13
Q

preferential cousin marriages

A

a preferred from of marriage between either parallel (kids of aunt or uncle) or cross cousins (children of your mother’s brothers or your father’s sisters)

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14
Q

reasons for preferential cousin marriages

A
  • strengthening family ties etc.
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15
Q

Incest taboo

A

biological- genetic defects of children
psychological- family outside yours, you might not get along with your family
sociological- disrupts roles within the family, creates sexual completion within the family, marrying outside increases alliances and social ties.

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16
Q

sexual union

A

outside of marriage, a society may not accept sexual relationships

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17
Q

post-partum taboo

A

husband and wife must abstain from any sexual activity for a period of time after the birth of child

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18
Q

economic or political factors in marriage

A

bride price, status, merging between nations, power in allocation of labour

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19
Q

bride price

A

bride wealth most common in patrilineal descent systems, tendency to pay for the loss of labour, presence, and fertility of the woman.

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20
Q

Dowry

A

the transfer of goods or money from the bride’s family to bridegroom or the groom’s family

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21
Q

marriage comes with a transfer of rights and obligations

A
  • right to labour of men and women
  • right to property
  • rights to the priority of sexual access
  • rights over fertility
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22
Q

Divorce

A

the legal and formal dissolution of a marriage

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23
Q

divorce and kinship ties

A
  • divorce rates tend to be lower in societies that have strong kinship ties
  • high bride wealth makes for stable marriage, and where bride price is low, divorce is more common
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24
Q

Levirate

A

the practice of a man marrying the widow of his deceased brother

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25
Q

Sororate

A

if a wife dies, her lineage may be contractually obliged to provide a replacement, i.e her sister, brother’s daughter, or some other close relative

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26
Q

Nuer ghost marriage

A

a nuer woman whose husband has died remains subject to a legal contract through which rights to her children were transferred to ther husband’s group, they could marry the ghost of a dead husband to keep their rights

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27
Q

family

A

social unit consisting of both adults and children who have legal rights and obligations to one another

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28
Q

Postpartum sex taboo

A

the rule that a husband and wife must abstain from any sexual activity for a period of time after the birth of a child

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29
Q

biological reasons against incest

A
  • avoid genetic defects in the children
30
Q

psychological reasons against incest

A
  • better to marry outside the marriage if you have bad relations with your family
31
Q

sociological reasons against incest

A
  • increases alliances between families, avoids inter-family tension, avoids family role confusion
32
Q

polygamy

A

having two or more spouses

33
Q

polyandry

A

marriage of a woman to two or more men

34
Q

polygyny

A

marriage of a man to two or more women

35
Q

polyamory

A

have sexual relations with 3 or more people at the same time

36
Q

More on polygyny

A
  • having two or more wifes is a sign of prestige and status
  • economic and political wealth
  • children and more wives are labour and economic wealth
  • more wives means more prestige
37
Q

sororal polygyny

A

man marrying sisters or close relatives in addition to first wife

38
Q

fraternal polyandry

A

group of brothers marry one woman

39
Q

reasons for polyandry

A
  • limiting the population

- avoiding continuous splitting of land (it stays within the family)

40
Q

bride wealth

A

compensation given upon marriage by the family of the groom to the family

41
Q

patrilocal residence

A

the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband’s father

42
Q

Matrilocal residence

A

the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife

43
Q

Avunculocal residence

A

the married couple lives with or near the husband’s mother’s brother

44
Q

Ambilocal residence

A

the couple has a choice of living with either side of the family

45
Q

neolocal residence

A

couple establishes independent place of residence away from either side

46
Q

3 stages of a nuclear family

A
  • marry/cohabitate
  • children/ children grew and leave
  • parents die and end the nuclear family
47
Q

Kinship

A

relationship based on blood or marriage

48
Q

beginning of modern anthropology understanding of geneology

A

Torress Straight Expedition undertaken by W.H.R Rivers

49
Q

functions of kinship

A
  1. directs allocation of resources
  2. directs how certain relationships are formed
  3. Connects different groups together
  4. determines where people live
  5. limits sexual and marital activity
50
Q

two main types of kiniship

A

consanguineal relatives- relative through birth or blood

affinal relatives- relative through marriage

51
Q

Fictive Kinship

A

relationship among individuals who recognize kinship obligations but are not related either cong. or affinal

52
Q

2 classification of kinship ties

A

kin types and kin terms

53
Q

kin types

A

universal terms anthropologists use to refer to particular individuals in a kinship system

54
Q

kin terms

A

names that are assigned by different cultures to particular categories of relatives

55
Q

what are the 8 things included kinship classification

A
  • generation
  • gender
  • lineality vs. collaterality
  • consanguineal vs. affinal
  • age
  • sex of connecting relatives(mother’s brother and father’s brother)
  • social conditions (different kinship term used for a married brother vs. a single one)
  • side of the family
56
Q

6 historical kinship classifications used by anthropologists

A
  1. inuit system
  2. Iroquois system
  3. Hawaiian
  4. Omaha
  5. Sudanese
  6. Crow
57
Q

inuit kiniship system

A

descent of both the male and female is considered, based on the nuclear family

58
Q

Iroquois system

A
  • distinguishes between same-sex and cross-sex parental siblings
  • focuses on unilineal descent
59
Q

unilineal descent

A

descent traced through either a male line or female line but not both (matrilineal vs patrilineal) and tends to reduce ambiguity among groups

60
Q

descent

A

a person’s kinship connections traced back by a number of generations

61
Q

two categories of descent

A

unilineal and cognatic

62
Q

descent group

A

who we descended from creates the basis of the social groups we occupy

63
Q

Lineage

A

a unilineal descent group in which members can trace their ancestry back to a common founder

64
Q

clan

A

unilineal descent group whose members believe they are all related to a common ancestor but can not trace back step by step back to the common ancestor

65
Q

6 characteristics of unilineal descent groups

A
  1. shapes identity- last name
  2. regulate marriage- who can marry who and both sides of the family must agree
  3. political function- elders settle disputes within the family
  4. property is regulated to descent groups not the individual
  5. descent groups have their own set of religious deities
  6. justice- when an individual is hurt the lineage or descent group will seek compensation
66
Q

three types of multilineal descent

A

double descent
ambilineal descent
bilateral descent

67
Q

Double descent

A

system of descent in which individual receive some rights and obligations from the father’s side of the family and others from the mother’s side

68
Q

Ambilineal descent

A

parents choose to affiliate children with whichever kinship group is most advantageous

69
Q

Bilateral descent

A

descent system where mother’s kin and fathers kin are relatively equal

70
Q

characteristics of bilateral

A
  • equality
  • hard to trace descent
  • hard to mobilize many family members
  • unstructured
71
Q

Modern day view of kinship

A
  • system is changing because of globalization and technological impact
72
Q

function of bride price

A
  • establish a continuing relationship between the families
  • public marriage transaction/makes the marriage legit
  • power transfer- as the man has to pledge allegiance to the elders of the woman’s kin.

anthropology midterm 1 (15 decks)

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