chapter 2

Question 1

what is culture

Answer 1

objects, values, attitudes, beliefs, ideas and patterned way of behaviour

Question 2

Edward Burnett Tylor def. of culture

Answer 2

beliefs, knowledge, customs, law and habits that identify someone as a member of a certain society

Question 3

Criticism on Tylor’s definition of culture

Answer 3

1. ethnocentric- “member of society” instead of a particular culture, pairs civilization with culture, therefore “savages” don’t have culture
2. lacks cultural relativism

Question 4

3 important aspects of culture

Answer 4

material objects, values and beliefs, first 2’s influence on behaviour

Question 5

society

Answer 5

community of people who share the same culture

Question 6

values

Answer 6

what is important to people

Question 7

attitudes

Answer 7

positive and negative evaluations on an aspect of culture

Question 8

beliefs

Answer 8

idea about what is true

Question 9

norms

Answer 9

idea about what is appropriate and inappropriate

Question 10

schema

Answer 10

following an organized pattern of behaviour that helps organize our daily lives

Question 11

norms

Answer 11

norms are enforced by society and people who go against them have societally enforced sanctions

Question 12

10 characteristics of culture

Answer 12

1. culture is influenced by the biological factors
2. culture is symbolic
3. culture is learned
4. culture is unconscious
5. culture is integrated
6. culture is shared
7. culture is relative
8. culture has universal qualities
9. culture is adaptive and maladaptive
10. culture is dynamic

Question 13

6 culture universals

Answer 13

1. systems of supernatural beliefs
2. systems of communication
3. economic system of production, distribution, and consumption
4. system of marriage
5. social control system
6. educational systems

Question 14

cultural diffusion

Answer 14

the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another

Question 15

cultural hegemony

Answer 15

subordinate culture is forced to accept more dominant culture

Question 16

acculturation

Answer 16

form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of cultural traits of a more powerful culture

Question 17

cultural genocide

Answer 17

a people loss their distinct cultural identity through loss of land cultural hegemony

Question 18

culture iceberg

Answer 18

visible (customs, traditions) and invisible culture (values, assumptions, attitudes)