Chapter 8 Flashcards
Prosopagosia
Cant recognize faces
Concept
The mental representation of an object, event, or idea.
chair, table, etc
Categories
Clustuers of interrelated concepts
Furniture
Classical categorization
Theory claims that objects or events are categorized according to a certain set of rules or by a specific set of features
Graded Membership
Observation that some concepts appear to make better category member than others
Scientific Verification Technique
Volunteers wait for a sentence to appear in front of them on a computer screen and respond as quickly as possible with a yes or no answer to a statement like “a sparrow is a bird”
Prototype
Average of all members of a category
Semantic Network
An interconnected set of nodes and the links that join them to form a category
Primig
The activation of individual concepts in long term-memory
Category Specific Visual Agnosia (CVSA)
Having trouble identifying objects such as pictures of animals or vegetables despite the fact that they were able to describe the different shapes that made up those objects
Have difficulties identifying fruits, vegetables, and/ or animals but were still able to accurately identify members of categories such as tools and furniture
Linguistic Relativity (Whorfian Hypothesis)
The theory that the language we use determines how we understand and categorize the world
Problem Solving
Ways to accomplish a difficult task
Algorithms
Problem solving strategies based on a series of rules
Heuristics
Problem solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution
Mental Set
Cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what is actually a new type of problem
Functional FIxedness
Tendency to treat objects as only serving one function. Which occurs when an individual identifies an object or technique that could maybe solve a problem but can think of only its most obvious functions
Conjunction Fallacy
Reflects the mistaken belief that finding a specific member in 2 overlapping categories is more likely than finding any member of the larger, general categories
Number of dentists that play tennis or don’t
Representativeness Heuristic
Making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category
Availability Heuristic
Entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind
Anchoring Effect
Restrictions in a person’s numerical judgments based solely on their exposure to some number
Framing Effects
When the mere wording of a question has a biasing influence on our judgments or decision making
Belief Perseverance
Persisting in one’s pre existing beliefs despite exposure to evidence contradicting those beliefs
Confirmation Bias
Seeking out and attending to evidence that supports some belief when actively avoiding evidence that contradicts that belief
Satisficers
Individuals who seek to make decisions that are simply put “good enough”
