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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Prosopagosia

A

Cant recognize faces

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2
Q

Concept

A

The mental representation of an object, event, or idea.

chair, table, etc

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3
Q

Categories

A

Clustuers of interrelated concepts

Furniture

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4
Q

Classical categorization

A

Theory claims that objects or events are categorized according to a certain set of rules or by a specific set of features

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5
Q

Graded Membership

A

Observation that some concepts appear to make better category member than others

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6
Q

Scientific Verification Technique

A

Volunteers wait for a sentence to appear in front of them on a computer screen and respond as quickly as possible with a yes or no answer to a statement like “a sparrow is a bird”

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7
Q

Prototype

A

Average of all members of a category

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8
Q

Semantic Network

A

An interconnected set of nodes and the links that join them to form a category

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9
Q

Primig

A

The activation of individual concepts in long term-memory

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10
Q

Category Specific Visual Agnosia (CVSA)

A

Having trouble identifying objects such as pictures of animals or vegetables despite the fact that they were able to describe the different shapes that made up those objects

Have difficulties identifying fruits, vegetables, and/ or animals but were still able to accurately identify members of categories such as tools and furniture

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11
Q

Linguistic Relativity (Whorfian Hypothesis)

A

The theory that the language we use determines how we understand and categorize the world

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12
Q

Problem Solving

A

Ways to accomplish a difficult task

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13
Q

Algorithms

A

Problem solving strategies based on a series of rules

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14
Q

Heuristics

A

Problem solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution

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15
Q

Mental Set

A

Cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what is actually a new type of problem

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16
Q

Functional FIxedness

A

Tendency to treat objects as only serving one function. Which occurs when an individual identifies an object or technique that could maybe solve a problem but can think of only its most obvious functions

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17
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Reflects the mistaken belief that finding a specific member in 2 overlapping categories is more likely than finding any member of the larger, general categories

Number of dentists that play tennis or don’t

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18
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category

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19
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind

20
Q

Anchoring Effect

A

Restrictions in a person’s numerical judgments based solely on their exposure to some number

21
Q

Framing Effects

A

When the mere wording of a question has a biasing influence on our judgments or decision making

22
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Persisting in one’s pre existing beliefs despite exposure to evidence contradicting those beliefs

23
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Seeking out and attending to evidence that supports some belief when actively avoiding evidence that contradicts that belief

24
Q

Satisficers

A

Individuals who seek to make decisions that are simply put “good enough”

25
Q

Paradox of Choice

A

Observation that more choices can lead to less satisfaction

Maximizers - Thoroughly explore the pros and cons associated with every option to make the best choice

Satisfiers - Do very little research and choose the first option that fulfills some minimum set of criteria

26
Q

Aphasia

A

A language disorder caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language

27
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Region of the left frontal lobe that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

28
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Associated with finding the meaning of words

29
Q

Wernicks Aphasia

A

Language disorder in which a person has difficulty understanding the words he or she heras

30
Q

Language

A

Form of communication that involves the use of spoken, written, or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form

31
Q

Language Productivity

A

The basic units of language permit an almost infinite number of combinatons

32
Q

Phonemes

A

Most basic units of speech sounds

Stop, stash, stink, stoke

33
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meaningful units of a language

34
Q

Productivity

A

Ability to combine units of sound into a infinite number of meanings

35
Q

Semantics

A

Study of how people come to understand meaning from words

36
Q

Orthography

A

The visual representation of words

37
Q

Phonology

A

Speech based representative of words

38
Q

Dyslexia

A

Primary difficulty translating the orthography of words into their phonological representation

39
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences

40
Q

Pragmatics

A

Non-linguistic aspects of our communication with language such as body language tone of voice and reliance on cultural expressions that are not to be taken literally

41
Q

Fast Mapping

A

Ability to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure

42
Q

Naming Explosion

A

Rapid increase in vocab size that occurs in X stage of development

43
Q

Over generalization Errors

A

Incorrect, but impressive application of rules that works well in other situations

44
Q

Sensitive Period

A

time during childhood where children’s brains are primed to develop language almost effortlessly, but fades away around age 7

45
Q

Executive Functions

A

Bilingual individuals are much better than unilingual counterparts on tests that require them to control their attention or thoughts

46
Q

Cross Fostered

A

Raised as member of a family that was not of the same species

47
Q

Lexigrams

A

Small keys on computerized board that represent words and can be combined to form complex ideas and phrases

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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