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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

The neural region associated with your sense of touch

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2
Q

Haptics

A

Active exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception

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3
Q

Kinethesis

A

Sense of bodily motion and position

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4
Q

Niociception

Slow, Fast fibres

A

The activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

Fast - Sharp intense pain caused by injury

Slow - Persistent, throbbing pain that persists after injury occurs

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5
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Explains our experiences of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit these messages

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6
Q

Phantom Limb Sensations

A

Amputees who report pain and other sensations coming from absent limb

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7
Q

Gustatory System

A

Functions in the sensation and perception of taste

Primary - Salty, sweet, bitter and sour,

Gustatory Cortex - Located in nthe back of frontal lobes, and extends inward to the insula

Seconday Gustatory Cortex - Processes the pleasurable experiences associated with food

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8
Q

Olfactory System

A

Involved in smell, the direction of the airborne particles with specialized receptors located in the nose

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9
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

A thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia - tiny hair liked projections that contain specialized proteins that bind with airborne molecules that enter the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Bottom surface of frontal lobes, serving as the brains central region for processing smells

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11
Q

Sensation

A

process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning them into neural signals

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12
Q

Perception

A

Attending to, organizing and itnerpreting stimuli that we sense

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of external activity to neural activity

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14
Q

5 sense

A
  1. Vision
  2. hearing
  3. Touch
  4. Taste
  5. Smell
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15
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Idea that different snse are separated in the brain, proposed by German physiologist Johannes Muller

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16
Q

Orienting Response

A

How we quickly shift our attention to stimuli that signal a change in our sensory world

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17
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus, sensation, perception and attention

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18
Q

William Gustav Fechner

A

German physicist interested in vision, helped create psycho physics

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19
Q

Psychophysics

A

Seeks to measure the relationship between the energy detected by our sensory organs and our psychologcal experience of that energy

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20
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented

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21
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Smallest difference between stimuli that can be reliably detected at least 50% of the time

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22
Q

Ernst Weber

A

German Physician and one of the founders of psychophysics

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23
Q

Weber’s Law

A

States that the just noticeable difference between 2 stimuli changes as a proportion of those stimuli

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24
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

Whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both the sensory experience and the judgment made by the subject

Sensory Process - Faint stimulus or none at all

Decision Process - Subject stating whether or not the stimulus was actually presented

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25
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Perception below the threshold of conscious awareness

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26
Q

Priming

A

Previous exposure to a stimulus that influences individuals later responses

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27
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

An approach to perception that emphasizes that the whole is greater then the sum of its parts

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28
Q

Principles of Gestalt Psychology (5)

A
  1. Figure Ground -
  2. Proximity -
  3. Similarity -
  4. Continuity -
  5. Closure -
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29
Q

Phonetic Reversal

A

Word pronounced backwards sounds like another word

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30
Q

John Vokey and Don Read

A

Conducted series of studies that relate to the backward message controversy

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31
Q

Top Down Processing

A

When our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or by out prior knowledge

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32
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

When we perceive individual bits of sensory information and use them to construct a more complex perception

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33
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Filter that influences what aspects of scene we perceive or pay attention to

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34
Q

Divided attention

A

Focusing on ore than one stimulus or task at the same time

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35
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing on one particular event or task

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36
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to notice clearly visible event or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

37
Q

Wavelength and Amplitude

A

Wave - Distance between peaks of a wave

Amp - Height of wave (low for dim colours, high for bright colours)

38
Q

Sclera

A

White outer surface of the eye

39
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer that covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes tot he eye’s ability to focus

40
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters by changing its size; dilates to allow in more light and contracts to allow less light

41
Q

Iris

A

Round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil; also gives the eyes their colour

42
Q

Lens

A

Clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye

43
Q

Acommodation

A

Lens changing shape to ensure the light entering the eye is refracted in such a way that it is focused when it reaches the back of the eye

44
Q

Transduction

A

When light reaches the back of the eye, stimulating a layer of specialized receptors that convert light into a message that the brain can then interpret

45
Q

Retina

A

Lines the inner surface of the back of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to the properties of light to the brain

46
Q

Photo receptors, Ganglion Cells

A

Photo receptors - Where light is transformed into a neural signal that the brain can understand

Ganglion Cells - closer to front of retina and send activity out through the optic nerve

47
Q

Optic Nerve

A

A dense bundle of fibers that connect to the brain

48
Q

Photo Receptors

A

Rods - Occupy peripheral regions of the retina; highly sensitive under low light levels

Cones - Sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive

49
Q

Fovea

A

The central region of the retina

50
Q

Dark Adaption

A

Where rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination

51
Q

Thomas Young and Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

Tirchromatic Theory (Young helmholtz theory)

Maintains that colour vision is determined by 3 different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light

52
Q

Ewald Hering

A

Proposed the opponent process theory

53
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

States what we perceive colour in terms of opposing pairs; red to green, yellow to blue, and white to black

54
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Where optic nerves cross at the midline of the brain

55
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Specialized for processing visual information

56
Q

Feature detection cells;

A

Visual cells in the cortex that respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus

57
Q

Ventral Stream

A

from visual cortex to the lower part of the temporal lobe

58
Q

Doral Stream

A

from visual cortex to the parietal lobe

59
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size and colour despite change in perspective

60
Q

Types of constancy

A

Shape - Judging the angle of the object relative to our position

Size - Based on judgments of how close an objecy is relative to one’s position as well as to the position of other objects

Colour - Allows use to recognize and object’s colour under varying levels of illumination

61
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness where people are able to recognize voices and other defining features of individuals but not faces

62
Q

Fusiform Face Area

A

Responds more strongly to the entire face than to individual features, shows a smaller response when we perceive upside down faces

63
Q

Face Pareidolia

A

Illusory perceptions of faces activating the FFA suggests that

64
Q

Binocular Depth cues

A

Distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes

65
Q

Convergence

A

Occurs when the eye muscles contract sot hat both eyes focus on a single object

66
Q

Retinal Dispartty

A

Difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes, whcih provides information to the brain about depth

67
Q

Stereoscopic Vision

A

Most primates and humans have, results from overlapping visual fields

68
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues that we can perceive with only 1 eye

69
Q

Motion Parallaz

A

Used when you or your surroundings are in motioin

70
Q

Sound Waves

A

Frequency - Wavelength and is measured in hertz (Number of cycles soundwaves travel per second)

Amplitude - Determines its loudness

71
Q

Pitch

A

Perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

72
Q

Pinna

A

Most noticeable part of ear, and helps channel soundw aves to the ear and allows to determine the source or location of a sound

73
Q

Auditory Canal

A

Extends from pinna to the eardrum

74
Q

Ossicales Q

A

Known individually as the malleus, incus, and stapes

75
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid filled membrane that’s coiled in snail-like shape and contains the structures that convert sound into neural impulses and lines the basilar membrane

76
Q

Sound localization

A

Process of identifying where sound comes from

77
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Midbrain structure

78
Q

Place theory of hearing

A

How we perceive pitch based on the location (place) along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates

79
Q

Frequency Theory

A

The perception of pitch that’s related to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates

80
Q

Volley Principle

A

Groups of neurons fire in alternating fashion

81
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Major perceptual centre of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear

82
Q

Vestibular System

A

A sensory system in the ear that provides information about spatial orientation of the head as well as head motion

83
Q

Vestibular Sacs

A

Structures that influence your ability to detect when your head is no longer in an upright position

84
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

3 fluid filled canals found in the inner ear that respond when your head moves in different directions

85
Q

Olfacory Epithelium

A

Thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

86
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

On the bottom surface of the frontal lobes, which serves as the brains central region for processing smells

87
Q

Multimodal Integration

A

The ability to combine sensation from different modalities such as vision and hearing into a single integrated perception

88
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Changes what sound actually is when seeing multiple mouth movements

89
Q

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response

A

Condition where specific auditory or visual stimuli trigger tingling sensations in the scalp and neck, sometimes extending across the back and shoulders

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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