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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Stores

A

Retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

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2
Q

Control Processes

A

Shift information from one memory store to another

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3
Q

Attention

A

Selects which information with be passed on STM

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4
Q

Encoding

A

The process of storing information in the LTM system

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

Brings information from LTM back to STM

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory store that accurately holds perceptual information from a very brief amount of time

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7
Q

Iconic Memory

A

The visual form of sensory memory

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8
Q

Echoic Memory

A

The auditory form of sensory memory

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9
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Memory store with limited capacity and duration (30 seconds)

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10
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

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11
Q

Long Term memory

A

Holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently

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12
Q

Tip of the Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

A

When you’re able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want

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13
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

In general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or 2 from the middle

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14
Q

Proactive Interference

A

A process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

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15
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

The most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory

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16
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information until you don’t need to remember it anymore

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17
Q

Working memory

A

A model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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18
Q

Central Executive

A

Helps decide which of the working-memory stores is most important at any given moment

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19
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds or an auditory code

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20
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

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21
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Storage component of working memory that combines that images and sound from the other 2 components into coherent store-like episodes

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22
Q

Central Executive

A

IS the control centre of working memory; coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the 3 storage components

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23
Q

Declarative Memories (Explicit Memories)

A

Memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one’s own personal experiences

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24
Q

Non-Declarative Memories (Implicit Memories)

A

Include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness

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25
Q

Episodic Memories

A

Declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” and are recalled from a first person perspective

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26
Q

Semantic Memories

A

Declarative memories that include facts about the world (knowing mom’s birthday, capital of places.. etc)

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27
Q

Robert Dunn

A

Described the details of a woman with amnesia

28
Q

Procedural Memory

A

A pattern of muscle movements (motor memory)

29
Q

Donald Hebb

A

Canadian neuroscientist who suggested that when neurons fire at the same time, it leads to chemical and physical changes int he neurons, making them more likely to fire together again in the future

30
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

31
Q

Consolidation

A

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

32
Q

Cellular Consolidation

A

When neurons fire together a number of times, they will adapt and make the changed caused by LTP more permanent

33
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of at least one form of memory

34
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

The inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury

35
Q

Storage

A

The time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

36
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Hippocampus functions to update, strengthen or modify existing long term memories

37
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

A condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost

38
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

39
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

40
Q

Shallow processing

A

Involves more superficial properties of a stimulus such as sound, or spelling of a word

41
Q

Deep Processing

A

Generally related to an item’s meaning or its function

42
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

Occurs when you think about information in terms of how it related to you or how it is useful to you

43
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying a stimulus or piece of information where it’s presented to you

44
Q

Recall

A

Involves retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process

45
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

46
Q

Context-Dependent memory

A

The idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding

47
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

Retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

48
Q

Declarative Memory

A

People remember better if their mood at retrieval matched their mood during encoding

49
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

E.G. Sydney Crosby and winning goal

50
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

Most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

51
Q

Mnemoic

A

Technique intended to improve memory for specific information

52
Q

Method of Loci

A

A mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

53
Q

Acronyms

A

Pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items (ROY G BIV for colours of the rainbow)

54
Q

First-Letter Technique

A

Uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

(Every good boy does fine, for treble clef in music)

55
Q

Dual Coding

A

When information is stored in more than one form

56
Q

Testing Effect

A

Finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance even without additional studying

57
Q

Schema

A

Organized clusters of memories that constitute one’s knowledge or beliefs about events, objects and ideas

58
Q

Structive Memory

A

Process where we first recall a generalized schema and then add specific details

59
Q

False Memory

A

Remembering events that don’t occur or incorrectly recalling details of an event

60
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

When information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event

61
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

Increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event

62
Q

Guided Imagery

A

Technique used by some clinicians to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember

63
Q

Deese-Rodieger-McDermott (DRM)

A

Participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associated (are associated by meaning)

64
Q

Intrusion

A

When individuals recall the critical lure because a false memory is sneaking to an existing memory

65
Q

Recovered Memory

A

Memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time

66
Q

Repression

A

Idea we supress traumatic memoreis

67
Q

Recovered memory Controversy

A

A heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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