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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Stores

A

Retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

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2
Q

Control Processes

A

Shift information from one memory store to another

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3
Q

Attention

A

Selects which information with be passed on STM

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4
Q

Encoding

A

The process of storing information in the LTM system

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

Brings information from LTM back to STM

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory store that accurately holds perceptual information from a very brief amount of time

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7
Q

Iconic Memory

A

The visual form of sensory memory

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8
Q

Echoic Memory

A

The auditory form of sensory memory

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9
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Memory store with limited capacity and duration (30 seconds)

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10
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

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11
Q

Long Term memory

A

Holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently

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12
Q

Tip of the Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

A

When you’re able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want

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13
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

In general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or 2 from the middle

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14
Q

Proactive Interference

A

A process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

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15
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

The most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory

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16
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information until you don’t need to remember it anymore

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17
Q

Working memory

A

A model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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18
Q

Central Executive

A

Helps decide which of the working-memory stores is most important at any given moment

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19
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds or an auditory code

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20
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

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21
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Storage component of working memory that combines that images and sound from the other 2 components into coherent store-like episodes

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22
Q

Central Executive

A

IS the control centre of working memory; coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the 3 storage components

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23
Q

Declarative Memories (Explicit Memories)

A

Memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one’s own personal experiences

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24
Q

Non-Declarative Memories (Implicit Memories)

A

Include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness

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25
Episodic Memories
Declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around "episodes" and are recalled from a first person perspective
26
Semantic Memories
Declarative memories that include facts about the world (knowing mom's birthday, capital of places.. etc)
27
Robert Dunn
Described the details of a woman with amnesia
28
Procedural Memory
A pattern of muscle movements (motor memory)
29
Donald Hebb
Canadian neuroscientist who suggested that when neurons fire at the same time, it leads to chemical and physical changes int he neurons, making them more likely to fire together again in the future
30
Long-Term Potentiation
Demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together
31
Consolidation
The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain
32
Cellular Consolidation
When neurons fire together a number of times, they will adapt and make the changed caused by LTP more permanent
33
Amnesia
loss of at least one form of memory
34
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury
35
Storage
The time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval
36
Reconsolidation
Hippocampus functions to update, strengthen or modify existing long term memories
37
Retrograde Amnesia
A condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost
38
Maintenance Rehearsal
Prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
39
Elaborative Rehearsal
Prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
40
Shallow processing
Involves more superficial properties of a stimulus such as sound, or spelling of a word
41
Deep Processing
Generally related to an item's meaning or its function
42
Self-Reference Effect
Occurs when you think about information in terms of how it related to you or how it is useful to you
43
Recognition
Identifying a stimulus or piece of information where it's presented to you
44
Recall
Involves retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process
45
Encoding Specificity Principle
Retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding
46
Context-Dependent memory
The idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding
47
State-Dependent Memory
Retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
48
Declarative Memory
People remember better if their mood at retrieval matched their mood during encoding
49
Flashbulb Memory
Extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event E.G. Sydney Crosby and winning goal
50
Forgetting Curve
Most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all
51
Mnemoic
Technique intended to improve memory for specific information
52
Method of Loci
A mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
53
Acronyms
Pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items (ROY G BIV for colours of the rainbow)
54
First-Letter Technique
Uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence (Every good boy does fine, for treble clef in music)
55
Dual Coding
When information is stored in more than one form
56
Testing Effect
Finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance even without additional studying
57
Schema
Organized clusters of memories that constitute one's knowledge or beliefs about events, objects and ideas
58
Structive Memory
Process where we first recall a generalized schema and then add specific details
59
False Memory
Remembering events that don't occur or incorrectly recalling details of an event
60
Misinformation Effect
When information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
61
Imagination Inflation
Increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event
62
Guided Imagery
Technique used by some clinicians to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember
63
Deese-Rodieger-McDermott (DRM)
Participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associated (are associated by meaning)
64
Intrusion
When individuals recall the critical lure because a false memory is sneaking to an existing memory
65
Recovered Memory
Memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time
66
Repression
Idea we supress traumatic memoreis
67
Recovered memory Controversy
A heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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