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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The study aspect of behavior, thought, and other aspects of mental experience

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2
Q

The Scientific method

A

Learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories, to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable prediction about a process that can be observed and measured

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4
Q

How to test hypothesis (4)

A
  • Scientist generate testable hypothesis that’s capable of confirming or not with a theory
  • Test hypothesis that generated an answer
  • If confirmed, provides more support for the theory
  • if rejected scientists can revise hypothesis to test theory again
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5
Q

Theories

A

Explanations for range of observations that scientists can use to generate hypothesis

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6
Q

Falsifiable

A

Hypothesis is precise enough that it can be proven false

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7
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Enemy to Psych. An idea that’s presented as science but doesn’t actually utilize basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure..

E.G. –> Q Ray Bracelet

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8
Q

Biospychosocial Model

A

Means of explaining behaviour is a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors .

Bio - Brain structures, chemicals, hormones and external substances

Psycho - Memories, emotions, personalities

Socio - Friends, family, and cultural background

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9
Q

Scientific Literacy

A

Ability to understand, analyze and apply scientific information

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10
Q

Mass Learning

A

Perform all studying for an exam in one lengthy session

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11
Q

Spaced or distributed

A

Having shorter study sessions but spreading them out over several days

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12
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, and with our own assumptions and beliefs

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13
Q

Ways to critically approach claims made by others (6)

A
  1. Be curious
  2. Consider the type and source of evidence
  3. Consider assumptions ad biases
  4. Avoid emotional thinking
  5. Get comfortable with uncertainty
  6. Consider alternative perspectives
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14
Q

Functionalism

A

Study of purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

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15
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge must come from experience and observation

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16
Q

Determinism

A

All events are caused by natural cause-and-effect (under control of forces of nature)

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17
Q

Zeitgeist

A

General set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history

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18
Q

Materialism

A

Idea that the universe consists of only physical matter and all events that occur in the universe are cause by natural forces

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19
Q

Dualism

A

Opposing belief of materialism, there are properties of humans that are not material (mind or soul separate from the body)

20
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Founder of Psychophysics when he wrote the book about it in 1860

21
Q

Psychophysics

A

(Gustav Fechner) The study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world

22
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Theory of Evolution, which opened the door for humans to be the object of science

23
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Brain localization - Effort to release parts of the brain to specific psychological processes

Phrenology - Brain has 27 organs corresponding to mental traits and dispositions that could be detected examining the surface of the skull

24
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founder of Psychoanalysis

25
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

(Sigmund Freud) Psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious process (Relies on various methods including hypnosis and dream interpretation, to reveal the unconscious basis of mental illness)

26
Q

Francis Galton

A

Developed mathematical techniques to measure impact of genetics on trains

27
Q

Nature and Nurture relationships

A

(Francis Galton) Inquiry to how heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes

28
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of experimental psychology

Introspection - Thinking about and describing one’s sensory experiences

29
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Brought Wundts approach to north america and labeled the approach structuralism

30
Q

Structuralism

A

(Edward Titchener) An attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and knowing how they work together

31
Q

Structuralists

A

Focus on revealing the component parts of perception

32
Q

William James

A

Publish Book ‘Principles of Psychology’ in 1890

33
Q

Functionalism

A

(William James) The study of purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

34
Q

Behaviorism

A

(John, B. Watson) An approach that dominated the first half of the 20th century of North American psychology and had a singular focus on studying only observable behaviour with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible influences on behaviour

35
Q

John B Watson

A

Founder of behaviourism

36
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Gave behaviourism a further jolt with demonstrations of operant conditioning in animals, including pigeons and rats

37
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

(B.F. Skinner) Punishing and rewarding based on behavioural response to something

38
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, each person’s freedom to act, his or her rational thought and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals

39
Q

Herman Ebbinghas

A

Developed technique for investigating human memory

40
Q

Sir Frederick Bartlett

A

Published book on processes of remembering in 1982

41
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Approach emphasizing that psychologists need to focus on whole of perception and experience as a whole rather than its parts

42
Q

Gestalt Psychologists

A

First attacked structuralists for thinking that perception could be boiled down to consideration of basic perceptual elements

43
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory, thinking, and language

44
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

Dramatic change when experimental psychology was dominated by behaviourism

45
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of influence of other people on our behaviour

46
Q

Personality Psychology

A

How different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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