Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The study aspect of behavior, thought, and other aspects of mental experience

Question 2

The Scientific method

Answer 2

Learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories, to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

Testable prediction about a process that can be observed and measured

Question 4

How to test hypothesis (4)

Answer 4

• Scientist generate testable hypothesis that’s capable of confirming or not with a theory
• Test hypothesis that generated an answer
• If confirmed, provides more support for the theory
• if rejected scientists can revise hypothesis to test theory again

Question 5

Theories

Answer 5

Explanations for range of observations that scientists can use to generate hypothesis

Question 6

Falsifiable

Answer 6

Hypothesis is precise enough that it can be proven false

Question 7

Pseudoscience

Answer 7

Enemy to Psych. An idea that’s presented as science but doesn’t actually utilize basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure..

E.G. –> Q Ray Bracelet

Question 8

Biospychosocial Model

Answer 8

Means of explaining behaviour is a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors .

Bio - Brain structures, chemicals, hormones and external substances

Psycho - Memories, emotions, personalities

Socio - Friends, family, and cultural background

Question 9

Scientific Literacy

Answer 9

Ability to understand, analyze and apply scientific information

Question 10

Mass Learning

Answer 10

Perform all studying for an exam in one lengthy session

Question 11

Spaced or distributed

Answer 11

Having shorter study sessions but spreading them out over several days

Question 12

Critical Thinking

Answer 12

Involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, and with our own assumptions and beliefs

Question 13

Ways to critically approach claims made by others (6)

Answer 13

1. Be curious
2. Consider the type and source of evidence
3. Consider assumptions ad biases
4. Avoid emotional thinking
5. Get comfortable with uncertainty
6. Consider alternative perspectives

Question 14

Functionalism

Answer 14

Study of purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

Question 15

Empiricism

Answer 15

Knowledge must come from experience and observation

Question 16

Determinism

Answer 16

All events are caused by natural cause-and-effect (under control of forces of nature)

Question 17

Zeitgeist

Answer 17

General set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history

Question 18

Materialism

Answer 18

Idea that the universe consists of only physical matter and all events that occur in the universe are cause by natural forces

Question 19

Dualism

Answer 19

Opposing belief of materialism, there are properties of humans that are not material (mind or soul separate from the body)

Question 20

Gustav Fechner

Answer 20

Founder of Psychophysics when he wrote the book about it in 1860

Question 21

Psychophysics

Answer 21

(Gustav Fechner) The study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world

Question 22

Charles Darwin

Answer 22

Theory of Evolution, which opened the door for humans to be the object of science

Question 23

Clinical Psychology

Answer 23

Concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Brain localization - Effort to release parts of the brain to specific psychological processes

Phrenology - Brain has 27 organs corresponding to mental traits and dispositions that could be detected examining the surface of the skull

Question 24

Sigmund Freud

Answer 24

Founder of Psychoanalysis

Question 25

Psychoanalysis

Answer 25

(Sigmund Freud) Psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious process (Relies on various methods including hypnosis and dream interpretation, to reveal the unconscious basis of mental illness)

Question 26

Francis Galton

Answer 26

Developed mathematical techniques to measure impact of genetics on trains

Question 27

Nature and Nurture relationships

Answer 27

(Francis Galton) Inquiry to how heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes

Question 28

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 28

Father of experimental psychology Introspection - Thinking about and describing one's sensory experiences

Question 29

Edward Titchener

Answer 29

Brought Wundts approach to north america and labeled the approach structuralism

Question 30

Structuralism

Answer 30

(Edward Titchener) An attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and knowing how they work together

Question 31

Structuralists

Answer 31

Focus on revealing the component parts of perception

Question 32

William James

Answer 32

Publish Book 'Principles of Psychology' in 1890

Question 33

Functionalism

Answer 33

(William James) The study of purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

Question 34

Behaviorism

Answer 34

(John, B. Watson) An approach that dominated the first half of the 20th century of North American psychology and had a singular focus on studying only observable behaviour with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible influences on behaviour

Question 35

John B Watson

Answer 35

Founder of behaviourism

Question 36

B.F. Skinner

Answer 36

Gave behaviourism a further jolt with demonstrations of operant conditioning in animals, including pigeons and rats

Question 37

Operant Conditioning

Answer 37

(B.F. Skinner) Punishing and rewarding based on behavioural response to something

Question 38

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 38

focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, each person's freedom to act, his or her rational thought and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals

Question 39

Herman Ebbinghas

Answer 39

Developed technique for investigating human memory

Question 40

Sir Frederick Bartlett

Answer 40

Published book on processes of remembering in 1982

Question 41

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 41

Approach emphasizing that psychologists need to focus on whole of perception and experience as a whole rather than its parts

Question 42

Gestalt Psychologists

Answer 42

First attacked structuralists for thinking that perception could be boiled down to consideration of basic perceptual elements

Question 43

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 43

Modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory, thinking, and language

Question 44

Cognitive Revolution

Answer 44

Dramatic change when experimental psychology was dominated by behaviourism

Question 45

Social Psychology

Answer 45

The study of influence of other people on our behaviour

Question 46

Personality Psychology

Answer 46

How different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act