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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning, Cognitive and Associative

A

Process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience

Cognitive - Activities that students do (reading)

Associative - Focus of the module

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist. Studied digestion using dogs as a model species for his experiments

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning or Pavlovian Conditioning

A

form of associative learning where organism learns to associate neutral stimulus with biologically relevant stimulus resulting in change in response to the previously neutral stimulus

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

External event or cue that elicits perceptual response; occurs regardless of whether the event is important or not

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5
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

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6
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Once neutral stimulus that alter elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial phase of learning in which a response is established; but in classical conditioning its the phase where neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with US

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10
Q

Extinction

A

loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and US no longer occur together

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The re occurrence of a previously extinguished extinction

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12
Q

Generalization

A

Process in which a response that originally occurred for specific stimulus also occurs for different, though similar stimuli

Takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during the original learning

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13
Q

Heb Rule

A

When we perceive a stimulus, it activates not only our brain’s representation of that item, but also our representations of related items

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

Occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to original stimulus

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15
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response

A

Emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

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16
Q

Prepardness

A

Biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to particular class of stimuli

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17
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A

Develop in variety of ways (flu, medical procedures, excessive intoxication….)

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18
Q

Latent Inhibition

A

Occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it’s paired with US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

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19
Q

Evaluative Conditioning

A

In studies, experimenters pair stimulus with either positive or negative stimuli.. repeated association of stimulus with an emotion leads participants to develop a positive or negative feeling toward that stimulus

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20
Q

Third Person Effect

A

Assume that other people are more affected by advertising and mass media messages than they themselves are

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21
Q

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

A

More of a drug will be needed to override these preparatory responses so that the desired effect can be obtained

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Type of learning where behaviour is influenced by consequences

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23
Q

Contingency

A

Consequence depends upon an action

24
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process in which an event or reward follows a response increased the likelihood of that response occurring again

25
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Conducted experiments where he measured the time it took cats to learn how to escape from puzzle boxes. Proposed the law of effect

26
Q

Law of Effect

A

Idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely

27
Q

Reinforcers

A

Stimulus is contingent upon a response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again

28
Q

Punishment

A

Process that decreases the future probability of a response

29
Q

Punisher

A

Stimulus is contingent upon a response that results in decrease in behaviour

30
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforces such as praise, money, nourishment follow that behaviour

31
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Involves the strengthening of behavioural because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

32
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

Specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that stimulus will occur

33
Q

Escape Learning

A

Occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

34
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular stimulus

35
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus

36
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant reponse

37
Q

Chaining

A

Involves linking together 2 or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions

38
Q

Applied behavioural analysis

A

Using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism

39
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Consists of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs that affect an individuals ability to survive (if possible reproduce)

40
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Has stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value

41
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Becomes activated during the processing of all kinds of rewards, including primary ones (eating and having sex) or artificial (using cocaine or smoking)

42
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

A cue or event that indicates a response, if made, will be reinforced

43
Q

Discrimination

A

Occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

44
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Rules that determine when reinforcement is available

45
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Every response made results in reinforcement

46
Q

Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement

A

only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is availanle

47
Q

Terms used in operant conditioning

A
  1. Ratio Schedule - The reinforcements are based on amount of responding
  2. Interval Schedule - The reinforcements are based on amount of time between reinforcements, not number of responses an animal (Or human) makes
  3. Fixed Schedule – Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed
  4. Variable Schedule - schedule of reinforcement, although linked to average varies from reinforcement to reinforcement
48
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

49
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

Number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to average

50
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes

51
Q

Variable Reinforcement Schedule

A

First response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

52
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

Phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under a partial reinforcement resist extinction than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

53
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so

54
Q

Tolman and Honzick

A

Known for demonstrating latent learning in rats running a maze

55
Q

Observational Learning

A

Involves changes in behaviour and knowledge that result from watching others

56
Q

Imitation

A

Recreating someone else’s motor behaviour or expression often to accomplish a special goal

57
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Found in several areas int he human brain and have been linked to many different functions ranging from understanding other people’s emotional states to observational learning

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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