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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

The basic units of heredity; responsible for guiding the process of creating the proteins that make up our physical structures and regulate development and physiological processes throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Molecule formed in a double-helix shape that contains four nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

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3
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism - unique set of genes compromising that individual’s genetic code

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical traits and behavioural characteristics that show genetic variation, such as eye colour, the shape and size of facial features, intelligence, and personality

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures in the cellular nucleus that lines with all of the genes an individual inherits

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6
Q

Behavioural Genomics

A

Study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behaviour

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7
Q

The Human Genome Project

A

Provided a complete list of genes found in humans and their distribution on human chromosomes

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8
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

The study of how genes and the environment influence behaviour

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9
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Studied that follow the same individuals for many years, often decades

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10
Q

Heritability

A

A statistic, expressed as a number between zero and one, that represents the degree to which genetic differences between individuals contribute to individual differences in a behaviour or trait found in a population

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11
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes in gene expression that occur as a result of experience and that do not alter the genetic code

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12
Q

Natural Selection

A

Changes in gene expression that occur as a result of experience and don’t alter the genetic code

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13
Q

Evolution

A

The change in frequency of genes occurring in an interbreeding population over generations

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14
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Attempts to explain human behaviours based on the beneficial functions they may have served in our species development

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15
Q

Hunter Gatherer Theory

A

Links performance on specific tasks to the different roles performed by males and females over the course of our evolutionary history

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16
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

A situation in which members of the same sex compete in order to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex

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17
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Members of one sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits

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18
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The formation of new neurons

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19
Q

Stem Cells

A

A unique type of cell that does not have predestined function

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20
Q

Neurons

A

One of the major types of cells found in the nervous system, that are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body

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21
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus that houses the cell’s genetic material

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Small branches radiating from the cell body that receive messages from other cells and transmit those messages towards the rest of the cell

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23
Q

Axon

A

Transports information in the form of electrochemical reactions from the cell body to the end of the neuron

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

The chemicals that function as messengers allowing neurons to communicate with each other

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25
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Debilitating neurological disorder that produces a range of symptoms

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26
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive information from the bodily senses and bring it toward the brain

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27
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry messages away from the spinal cord towards the muscle to control flexion and extension

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28
Q

Glial Cells

A

Specialized cells of the nervous system removing waste, and synchronizing the activity of the billions of neurons that constitute the nervous system

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29
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty sheath that insulates axons from one another, resulting in increased speed and efficiency of neural communication

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30
Q

Resting Potential

A

Relatively stable state during which the cell is not transmitting messages

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31
Q

Electrostatic Gradient

A

The inside and outside of the cell have different charges

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32
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Just means that different types of ions are more densley packed on one side of the membrane than the other

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33
Q

Ion channels

A

Small pores

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34
Q

Action Potential

A

A wave of electrical activity that originates at the beginning of the axon near the cell body and rapidly travels down its length

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35
Q

Hyperpolarized

A

The cell is more negative than its normal resting potential

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36
Q

Refractory period

A

Brief period in which neuron cannot fire

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37
Q

Synapses

A

The microscopically small space that separate individual nerve cells

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38
Q

Presynaptic Cell

A

The cell that releases the chemicals

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39
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Increase the chances that the postynaptic neuron will fire by causing the charge inside the neuron to be less negative

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40
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Decrease the chance that the postynaptic neuron will fire by causing the charge inside the neuron to be more negative

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41
Q

All or none principle

A

Individual nerve cells fire at the same strength every time an action potential occurs

42
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

Releases neurotransmitters into the synapse; which will bind o receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and can have one of 2 effects on the post synaptic cell

43
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The minute space between the axon terminal (terminal button) and the dendrite

44
Q

Reuptake

A

Process whereby neurotransmitter molecules that have been released into the synapse are reabsorbed into the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron

45
Q

Glutamate

A

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brains of vertebrates

46
Q

GABA Gamma Amino butyric acid

A

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, meaning that it prevents neurons from generating action potentials

47
Q

Acetycholine

A

One of the most widespread neurotransmitters within the body, found at the junctions between nerve cells and skeletal muscles; its very important for voluntary movement

48
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Change in electrical properties of the muscle fibres leading to a contraction of that muscle

49
Q

Monoamines

A

Group of brain chemicals

50
Q

Dopamine

A

Monoamine neurotransmitter involved in such varied functions as mood, control of voluntary movement and processing of rewarding experiences

51
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Monoamine synthesized from dopamine molecules that is involved in regulating stress responses, including increasing arousal, attention, and heart rate

52
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter created in the adrenal gland on the kidneys

53
Q

Serotonin

A

Monoamine involved in regulating mood, sleep, aggression, and appetite

54
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter’s action

55
Q

Direct Agonist

A

Physically binds to neurotransmitters receptors at post synaptic cells

56
Q

Indirect Agonist

A

Facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter but doesn’t physically bind to the same part of the receptor as the neurotransmitter

57
Q

Antagonists

A

Inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing synthesis of a neurotransmitter

E.G Botox

58
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by the glands of the endocrine syste,

59
Q

Homeostasis

A

The balance of energy, metabolism, body temperature and other basic functions that keeps the body working properly

60
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain structure; regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

61
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master gland of the endocrine system that produces hromones and sends commands about hormone production to the other glands of the endocrine system

62
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

A pair of endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys that release stress hormones, (cortisol and epinephrine)

63
Q

Endorphin

A

Produced by endocrine system; functions to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure

64
Q

Morphine

A

Binds to endorphin receptors

65
Q

Testosterone

A

Driving physical and sexual development over the long term

66
Q

Central nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord

67
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Transmits signals between the brain and rest of the body and is divided into 2 subcaomponents (somatic and Autonomic)

68
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Nerves that control skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary and reflexive movement; consisting of nerves that receive sensory input from the body

69
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Portion of peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating the activity of organs and glands

70
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight response

71
Q

Parasympathetic nervous System

A

Helps maintain homeostatic balance in presence of change; following sympathetic arousal

72
Q

3 Main Regions of the brain

A

Hindbrain - Stem or bottom of brain consisting of 2 structures: medulla and pons

Midbrain - Primarily functions as relay station between sensory and motor areas

Forebrain - Visible region of brain, has all neutral structures located above mid brain

73
Q

Basa Ganglia

A

Group of 3 structures that’re involved in facilitating planned movements, skill learning, and itegrating sensory and movement information with the brain’s reward system

74
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Activity accompanies many kinds of pleasurable experiences

75
Q

Limbic System

A

Integrated network involved in emotion and memory

76
Q

Amygdala

A

Felicitates memory formation for emotional events, mediates fear responses, and plays role in recognizing and interpreting emotional stimuli

77
Q

Hippocampus

A

Critical for learning and memory, particularly formation of new memories

78
Q

Thalamus

A

Set of nuclei involved in relaying sensory information to different regions of the brain

79
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The convoluted, wrinkled. outer later of brain that is involved in multiple higher functions (thought, language, personality)

80
Q

4 Lobes

A
  1. Occipital Lobes visual information
  2. Parietal Lobes - Touch and awareness
  3. Temporal Lobes - Identity (hearing, language..)
  4. Frontal Lobes - Planning
81
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

where visual information is processed

82
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Experience of touch and bodily awareness

83
Q

Temporal

A

Identity information

Auditory Cortex - Top part of temporal Cortex

Cortical Deafness - Problems with hearing even though ears work perfectly

Wernicke’s area - understanding language

84
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Planning and regulating impulses and emotions, voluntary movement

Primary Motor cortex - voluntary movement

Prefrontal Cortex - 2/3 of frontal lobes

Executive Functions - Control processes

85
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Collection of neural fibres connecting at the 2 brain hemispheres

86
Q

Hemispheric Specialization

A

Cognitive tasks that involve visual and spatial skills

87
Q

Left and Right brain

A

Left:

  • Language production
  • Language comprehension
  • Word Recognition
  • Arithmetic

Right:

  • Visuospatial skills
  • Prosody
  • face recognition
  • Attention
88
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Capacity of brain to change and rewire itself based on individual experience

89
Q

Lesioning

A

Area of the brain is damages

90
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Electromagnetic pulse is delivered to target region of the brain

91
Q

Structural Neuroimaging

A

Brain scanning that produces images of the different structures of the brain

92
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)

A

x-rays are sent through brain by tube that rotates around the head

93
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Clear images of brain are created based on how different neural regions absorb and release energy while in magnetic field

94
Q

Diffuse Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

Form of structural neuroimaging allowing researches or medical personnel to measure white-matter pathways in the brain

95
Q

Functional Neuroimaging

A

Type of brain scanning that provides information about which areas of the brain are active when a person performs particular behavior

96
Q

Temporal Resoultion

A

How a brief period of time can be measured

97
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

Clear picture of brain

98
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measure brain activity with use of multiple electrodes attached to scalp

99
Q

Event Related Potentials

A

Use same sensors as EEG

100
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measures tiny magnetic fields created by electrical activity of nerve cells in brain

101
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Low levels of radioactive isotope is injected into blood, and its movement to regions of the brain engage in particular task is measures

102
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Detects influx of oxygen-rich blood into neural areas that were just active

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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