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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Objective Measurements (Objectivity)

A

Achieved when measurement of a variable is consistent. despite who is doing the measuring or what tools are being used to measure with it

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2
Q

Variable

A

Any object, concept, or event that is the focus of a scientific investigation

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3
Q

Operational Definitions

A

The procedures used to measure a variable

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4
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measurement procedure actually measures the variable it was developed to measure

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5
Q

Reliability

A

The degree that a measure produces the same measurement for a variable across measurement

When psychologists question how well the results of a study apply to other samples or perhaps other situations they are inquiring about

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6
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

The extent of similarity in scores generated by the same measure across 2 testing sessions

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7
Q

Alternate Forms Reliability

A

The extent to which different forms of the same test generate similar scores for the same person across 2 testing sessions (Often used to overcome practice effects from having already completed the same test before)

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8
Q

Reliability in observational Studies

A

Children and toys, after they watch the video…

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9
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

The degree of similarity in observations recorded by 2 observers (or raters)

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10
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree that the findings of a research study apply to other people and situations other than those that are specific to the study

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11
Q

Population

A

Entire group that researches want to generalize about

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12
Q

Sample

A

A select group of population members

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13
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample technique in which every individual of a population has an equal chance of being included

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14
Q

Convenience Samples

A

Samples of individuals who are the most readily available

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15
Q

Ecological Validity

A

The extent that results obtained in a research study will apply in the world outside of the laboratory

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16
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

A researcher’s belief and expectations

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17
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Refers to distorting influence the mere presence of researchers can have on participants in psychological research studies

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18
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Occurs when a persons expectation that some treatment will improve their health actually causes health improvements, even when the treatment is known to be completely ineffective

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19
Q

Social Desirability

A

Participants may respond in ways that increase the chance that they will be viewed favourably by the experimenter and or other participants

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20
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Inadvertent cues given off by the experimenter or the experimental context that provide information about how participants are expected to behave

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21
Q

How to reduce the effect of Demand characteristics (4)

A

Anonymity - there is no connection between participants responses and their identity

Confidentiality - Only the researcher can link participant’s responses to their identity and they promise to keep the information a secret

single blind study - Keep the true purpose of the study a secret until after collecting responses from a participant

Double blind study - Participants and researchers in charge of interacting are unaware of what condition participants are in

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22
Q

Peer Review

A

Getting thorough review and criticism from other experts

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23
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study and obtaining essentially the same result

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24
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

an individuals story or testimony about an observations or event that is used to make a claim as evidence

25
Appeals to authority
Belief in an experts claim even when no supporting data or scientific evidence is present
26
Appeals to common
A claim that appears to be sound, but lacks supporting evidence
27
Qualitative Research
Examining an issue or behaviour without performing numerical measurements of the variables
28
Quantitative Research
Examining an issue or behaviour by using numerical measurements and/or statistics
29
Case studies
In depth reports about a specific cases
30
Self Reporting
A method in which responses are provided directly by the people who are being studied e.g Interviews, phone surveys.. etc
31
Naturalistic Observations
Observe people out int he real world and record their behaviour
32
Correlational Research , Scatterplot, Positive and Negative Correleation.. Correlation coefficient
Provides a measure of the degree of association between 2 or more variables Scatterplot - Visualized or presented in a graph Positive Correlation - When higher values on one variable tend to co-occur with higher values on another (between 0 and 1 or 100 lol?) Negative Correlation - When higher values on one variable tend to co-occur with lower values on another (between 0 and -100) or 1 lmao Correlation Coefficient - Terms of a mathematical measure
33
Illusory Correlations
Relationships that really exist only in then mind, rather than in reality
34
Third Variable Problem
The possibility that a third unmeasured variable is actually responsible for a well-established correlation between 2 variables
35
Random Assignment
Helps to ensure that participants in the 2 groups are roughly equal
36
Cofounding Variables
All variables that differ between experimental conditions other than one that the experimenter seeks to manipulate
37
Independent Variable
The Variable being manipulated in an experiment
38
Dependent Variable
The variable measure in an experiment
39
Experimental Condition
The one involving some active treatment (drug or therapy)
40
Control Condition
Involved in no active treatment but used as a basis for comparison
41
Between Subject Design
When different people participate in different conditions of an experiment
42
Within-Subject Desgn
Same people each participate in all conditions of an experiment
43
Quasi-Experimental Research
Research technique in which the 2 or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment
44
Research Ethics Board
A committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with the protection of human research participants
45
Deception
Misleading or only partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation
46
Descriptive Statistics
Set of techniques used to organize, summarize, and interpret data
47
Inferential
Used to draw conclusions generated from a research study
48
Frequency
The number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores
49
Normal Distribution
A symmetrical Distribution with values clustered around a central mean value
50
Negatively Skewed Distribution
Curve has extended tail to the left of the cluster
51
Positively Skewed Distribution
The tail is to the right of the cluster
52
Central Tendency Mean, Median, Mode
A measure of the central point of a distribution mean - Arithmetic Average of a group of scores Median - The middle highest value in a group of scores Mode - The most common value in a group of scores
53
Variability
The degree to which scores are dispersed in a distribution
54
Standard Deviation
Measure of variability around the mean
55
Hypothesis Test
A Statistical method of evaluating whether differences among groups are meaningful or could have been arrived at by chance alone
56
Null hypothesis
differences between groups (or conditions) are due to chance
57
Experimental Hypothesis
differences are due to a variable controlled by the experiment
58
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
The main purpose of inferential statistics
59
Statistically Significant
A difference between conditions or a correlation between variables must be substantially greater than the standard deviation of scores

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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