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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Objective Measurements (Objectivity)

A

Achieved when measurement of a variable is consistent. despite who is doing the measuring or what tools are being used to measure with it

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2
Q

Variable

A

Any object, concept, or event that is the focus of a scientific investigation

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3
Q

Operational Definitions

A

The procedures used to measure a variable

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4
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measurement procedure actually measures the variable it was developed to measure

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5
Q

Reliability

A

The degree that a measure produces the same measurement for a variable across measurement

When psychologists question how well the results of a study apply to other samples or perhaps other situations they are inquiring about

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6
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

The extent of similarity in scores generated by the same measure across 2 testing sessions

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7
Q

Alternate Forms Reliability

A

The extent to which different forms of the same test generate similar scores for the same person across 2 testing sessions (Often used to overcome practice effects from having already completed the same test before)

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8
Q

Reliability in observational Studies

A

Children and toys, after they watch the video…

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9
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

The degree of similarity in observations recorded by 2 observers (or raters)

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10
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree that the findings of a research study apply to other people and situations other than those that are specific to the study

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11
Q

Population

A

Entire group that researches want to generalize about

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12
Q

Sample

A

A select group of population members

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13
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample technique in which every individual of a population has an equal chance of being included

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14
Q

Convenience Samples

A

Samples of individuals who are the most readily available

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15
Q

Ecological Validity

A

The extent that results obtained in a research study will apply in the world outside of the laboratory

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16
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

A researcher’s belief and expectations

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17
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Refers to distorting influence the mere presence of researchers can have on participants in psychological research studies

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18
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Occurs when a persons expectation that some treatment will improve their health actually causes health improvements, even when the treatment is known to be completely ineffective

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19
Q

Social Desirability

A

Participants may respond in ways that increase the chance that they will be viewed favourably by the experimenter and or other participants

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20
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Inadvertent cues given off by the experimenter or the experimental context that provide information about how participants are expected to behave

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21
Q

How to reduce the effect of Demand characteristics (4)

A

Anonymity - there is no connection between participants responses and their identity

Confidentiality - Only the researcher can link participant’s responses to their identity and they promise to keep the information a secret

single blind study - Keep the true purpose of the study a secret until after collecting responses from a participant

Double blind study - Participants and researchers in charge of interacting are unaware of what condition participants are in

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22
Q

Peer Review

A

Getting thorough review and criticism from other experts

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23
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study and obtaining essentially the same result

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24
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

an individuals story or testimony about an observations or event that is used to make a claim as evidence

25
Q

Appeals to authority

A

Belief in an experts claim even when no supporting data or scientific evidence is present

26
Q

Appeals to common

A

A claim that appears to be sound, but lacks supporting evidence

27
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Examining an issue or behaviour without performing numerical measurements of the variables

28
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Examining an issue or behaviour by using numerical measurements and/or statistics

29
Q

Case studies

A

In depth reports about a specific cases

30
Q

Self Reporting

A

A method in which responses are provided directly by the people who are being studied

e.g Interviews, phone surveys.. etc

31
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Observe people out int he real world and record their behaviour

32
Q

Correlational Research , Scatterplot, Positive and Negative Correleation..
Correlation coefficient

A

Provides a measure of the degree of association between 2 or more variables

Scatterplot - Visualized or presented in a graph

Positive Correlation - When higher values on one variable tend to co-occur with higher values on another (between 0 and 1 or 100 lol?)

Negative Correlation - When higher values on one variable tend to co-occur with lower values on another (between 0 and -100) or 1 lmao

Correlation Coefficient - Terms of a mathematical measure

33
Q

Illusory Correlations

A

Relationships that really exist only in then mind, rather than in reality

34
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

The possibility that a third unmeasured variable is actually responsible for a well-established correlation between 2 variables

35
Q

Random Assignment

A

Helps to ensure that participants in the 2 groups are roughly equal

36
Q

Cofounding Variables

A

All variables that differ between experimental conditions other than one that the experimenter seeks to manipulate

37
Q

Independent Variable

A

The Variable being manipulated in an experiment

38
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable measure in an experiment

39
Q

Experimental Condition

A

The one involving some active treatment (drug or therapy)

40
Q

Control Condition

A

Involved in no active treatment but used as a basis for comparison

41
Q

Between Subject Design

A

When different people participate in different conditions of an experiment

42
Q

Within-Subject Desgn

A

Same people each participate in all conditions of an experiment

43
Q

Quasi-Experimental Research

A

Research technique in which the 2 or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment

44
Q

Research Ethics Board

A

A committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with the protection of human research participants

45
Q

Deception

A

Misleading or only partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation

46
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Set of techniques used to organize, summarize, and interpret data

47
Q

Inferential

A

Used to draw conclusions generated from a research study

48
Q

Frequency

A

The number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores

49
Q

Normal Distribution

A

A symmetrical Distribution with values clustered around a central mean value

50
Q

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A

Curve has extended tail to the left of the cluster

51
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution

A

The tail is to the right of the cluster

52
Q

Central Tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

A

A measure of the central point of a distribution

mean - Arithmetic Average of a group of scores

Median - The middle highest value in a group of scores

Mode - The most common value in a group of scores

53
Q

Variability

A

The degree to which scores are dispersed in a distribution

54
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measure of variability around the mean

55
Q

Hypothesis Test

A

A Statistical method of evaluating whether differences among groups are meaningful or could have been arrived at by chance alone

56
Q

Null hypothesis

A

differences between groups (or conditions) are due to chance

57
Q

Experimental Hypothesis

A

differences are due to a variable controlled by the experiment

58
Q

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

A

The main purpose of inferential statistics

59
Q

Statistically Significant

A

A difference between conditions or a correlation between variables must be substantially greater than the standard deviation of scores

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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