Chapter 8

Question 1

Inference

Answer 1

The logical interpretations and conclusions that were never part of the original stimulus material

Question 2

Semantic memory

Answer 2

Our organized knowledge about the world

Includes general, lexical, and conceptual knowledge

Question 3

Schemas

Answer 3

General knowledge about an object or event

Question 4

Concept

Answer 4

Your mental representation of a category

Question 5

Situated cognition approach

Answer 5

We make use of information in the immediate environment or situation
Our knowledge depends on the context that surrounds us

Question 6

The prototype approach

Answer 6

You decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with a prototype
Suitable when the category has numerous members

Question 7

Prototype

Answer 7

The item that is the best, most typical example of a category

Question 8

Prototypicality

Answer 8

The degree to which items are representative of their category

Question 9

Graded structure

Answer 9

Begins with the most representative members, and continues on through the non-prototypical members

Question 10

Typicality effect

Answer 10

People judge typical items faster than non typical items

Question 11

Semantic priming effect

Answer 11

People respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

Question 12

Family resemblance

Answer 12

No single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept; however, each example has at least 1 attribute in common with some other examples

Question 13

The 3 levels of categorization

Answer 13

Superordinate (most general)
Basic (most common)
Subordinate (most specific)

Question 14

What area of the brain is activated for superordinate vs subordinate levels of categorization?

Answer 14

Super: prefrontal cortex
Sub: parietal cortex and occipital cortex

Question 15

Validity

Answer 15

A test’s ability to predict a person’s performance in another situation

Question 16

The exemplar approach

Answer 16

We first learn information about some specific examples of a concept, then we classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples
People do not need to perform any kind of abstraction process
For categories that have few members

Question 17

What half of the brain stores exemplars vs prototypes?

Answer 17

Proto: left
Exemplars: right

Question 18

Network approaches

Answer 18

More concerned about the interconnections among related items

Question 19

Node

Answer 19

One unit located in the network

Question 20

Spreading activation

Answer 20

When activation spreads from one node to another

Question 21

ACT-R approact

Answer 21

Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational
Attempts to explain all of cognition
Propositional network

Question 22

Propositional network

Answer 22

Pattern of interconnected propositions

Question 23

Proposition

Answer 23

The smallest unit of knowledge that can be judged either true or false

Question 24

The parallel distributed processing approach

Answer 24

Proposes that cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple, neuron-like units

Question 25

Spontaneous generalization

Answer 25

Using individual cases to draw inferences about general information
Drawing a conclusion about a general category

Question 26

Default assignment

Answer 26

Based on information from other similar people or objects

Draw a conclusion about a specific member of a category

Question 27

Connection weights

Answer 27

Determine how much activation one unit can pass on to another unit

Question 28

Graceful degradation

Answer 28

The brain’s ability to provide partial memory

Not all information is forgotten at once

Question 29

Schema therapy

Answer 29

Clinician and client work together in order to explore the client’s core beliefs and create appropriate new and helpful strategies

Question 30

Script

Answer 30

A simple, well-structured sequence of events in a specified order
Associated with a highly familiar activity
One kind of schema (schema for how things unfold in time)
It is an abstraction

Question 31

Life script

Answer 31

A list of events that a person believes would be most important throughout his or her lifetime

Question 32

Boundary extension

Answer 32

Our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown
Even when the picture is not cropped

Question 33

Abstraction

Answer 33

A memory process that stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact words

Question 34

False alarm

Answer 34

Occurs when people “remember” an item that was not originally presented

Question 35

Constructive model of memory

Answer 35

People integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas

Question 36

The pragmatic approach

Answer 36

Proposes that people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals

Question 37

Gender stereotypes

Answer 37

The beliefs and opinions that we associate with males and females

Question 38

Implicit association test

Answer 38

Based on the principle that people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words

Question 39

Category

Answer 39

A set of objects that belong together
Groups of information that allow us to interact with the world in a sensible way
The number of members depends on levels of categorization

Question 40

How do you depict the strength between nodes?

Answer 40

Distance
Thickness of the line
Number of lines