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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception

A

Uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli recognized by the senses
The mental outcome of the sensory transformation
Relies on bottom up and top down processing

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2
Q

Distal vs proximal stimulus

A

Distal: the actual object that is “out there” in the environment
Proximal: the information registered on your sensory receptors

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3
Q

Object recognition depends primarily on what characteristic?

A

Shape

Not colour or texture

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4
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory

Preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared

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5
Q

Illusory (subjective) contours

A

In these we see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus

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6
Q

Templates

A

Specific patterns that you have stored in memory

Used for object recognition

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7
Q

Feature-Analysis theory

A

Visual stimulus is composed of a number of distinctive features

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8
Q

Recognition by components theory

A

A specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of geons
An arrangement of 3 geons gives people enough information to classify an object

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9
Q

Viewer-centered approach

A

Proposes that we store a small number of views of 3D objects, rather than just one view

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10
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object
Physical stimuli are registered on the sensory receptors and then passed up to higher levels

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11
Q

Top-down processing

A

Emphasizes how a person’s concepts/expectations/memory can influence object recognition

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12
Q

Word superiority effect

A

We can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than alone or in a string of random letters

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13
Q

Change blindness

A

We fail to detect a change in an object or a scene

From over using top down processing

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14
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

When we are paying attention to some events in a scene, we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears
From over using top down processing

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15
Q

How do we recognize faces?

A

On a holistic basis (overall shape and structure)

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16
Q

What location in the brain is responsible for face recognition

A

In the temporal cortex

The inferotemporal cortex

17
Q

Phoneme

A

Basic unit of spoken language

Between 40 and 45 in English

18
Q

Coarticulation

A

The phoneme you produce varies slightly from time to time, depending on the surrounding phonemes

19
Q

Phonemic restoration

A

The ability to fill in a missing phoneme, using contextual meaning as a cue

20
Q

McGurk effect

A

Refers to the influence of visual information on speech perception, when individuals must integrate both visual and auditory information

21
Q

Where in the brain do people integrate both visual and auditory information

A

In the superior temporal sulcus

22
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

We interpret stimuli in the simplest way possible
We have an inherent tendency to group parts so that they “belong” together
We do this automatically

23
Q

5 Laws of Gestalt theory

A 
Proximity
Similarity
Good continuation
Closure
Common fate
24
Q

Canonical view

A

The view we are most used to seeing of an object

We are faster to recognize a canonical view of something over a non-canonical view

25
Q

Conceptually driven recognition:

  1. Basic level
  2. Superordinate level
  3. Subordinate level
A
  1. Level we prefer to categorize things on. This is the level you usually use when talking to kids (ex: dog)
  2. Broader category to which the thing belongs (ex: animal)
  3. More specific level (ex: golden retriever)
26
Q

What area of the brain is damaged to get prosopagnosia?

A

Fusiform face area/gyrus

27
Q

Phonetic module

A

Idea that speech is in a module

Speech is separate from all other cognitive abilities

28
Q

Voice onset time

A

How long until the vocal cords start to vibrate

29
Q

The bears/beans study emphasizes what type of processing?

A

Top-down AND bottom up!!

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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