Chapter 4

Question 1

Working memory

Answer 1

The brief, immediate memory for the limited amount of material that you are currently processing

Question 2

Long term memory

Answer 2

Has a large capacity and contains your memory for experiences and information that have accumulated throughout your lifetime

Question 3

George Miller’s magical number…

Answer 3

7 plus or minus 2

Question 4

Chunk

Answer 4

A memory unit that consists of several components that are strongly associated with one another

Question 5

Brown/Peterson and Peterson technique

Answer 5

Presented some items that students were instructed to remember, distracting task, then asked to recall (no rehearsal)
Material held in memory for less than one minute is frequently forgotten

Question 6

Semantics

Answer 6

The meaning of words and sentences

Question 7

Proactive interference

Answer 7

People have trouble learning new material because previously learned material keeps interfering with their new learning

Question 8

Control processes

Answer 8

Intentional strategies (like rehearsal) that people may use to improve their memory

Question 9

Working memory approach

Answer 9

Our immediate memory is a multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates information while we perform tasks

Question 10

4 parts of Baddeley’s working memory model

Answer 10

Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Central executive

Question 11

Phonological loop

Answer 11

Can process a limited number of sounds for a short period of time
Processes language, and the sounds you both hear and make

Question 12

Subvocalization

Answer 12

When you silently pronounce the words you are reading

Question 13

Acoustic confusions

Answer 13

People are likely to confuse similar sounding stimuli

Also called phonological confusions

Question 14

Self instruction

Answer 14

When you silently remind yourself about something you need to do in the future or how to use something, etc

Question 15

What parts of the brain are activated for the phonological loop?

Answer 15

Part of the frontal and temporal lobe in the left hemisphere
Left frontal = rehearsal
Left parietal = storage

Question 16

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 16

Processes both visual and spatial information

Also visual information from a verbal description

Question 17

What parts of the brain does the visuospatial sketchpad activate?

Answer 17

Right hemisphere
Visual component = occipital lobe
Visual and spatial component = frontal lobe

Question 18

Central executive

Answer 18

Integrates information from PL, VS, episodic buffer, and LTM
Major role in focusing attention, selecting strategies, transforming information, and coordinating behaviour
Suppresses irrelevant information

Question 19

What parts of the brain are activated with the central executive?

Answer 19

Both sides of the frontal region

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

Question 20

Episodic buffer

Answer 20

Serves as a temporary storehouse that can hold and combine information from your phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM
Lots of multi-modal, cross sensory information

Question 21

People with ADHD have more difficulty on…

Answer 21

Central executive tasks

Question 22

2 types of rehearsal

Answer 22

Maintenance (useful in short term memory - repeating it)

Elaborative (making contact with long term memory)

Question 23

Span

Answer 23

The number of items you can hold in short term memory and repeat back accurately, in order, 50% of the time

Question 24

Without rehearsal short term memory duration is…

Answer 24

Less than 30 seconds!

Question 25

How do
1. Auditory
2. Visual
representations get access to the phonological store?

Answer 25

1. Can gain immediate access to this store

2. Doesn’t get into the store until you turn it into an auditory representation (read it!)

Question 26

Phonological similarity effect

Answer 26

If you measure how many words people can successfully recall, they do much worse the more overlap there is in the speech sounds

Question 27

2 parts of the phonological loop

Answer 27

1. Phonological store (the minds ear)

2. Articulatory loop (the mind’s voice)

Question 28

Phonological store

Answer 28

Limited duration phonological code
Stores speech sounds
Temporal areas of brain
“Mind’s ear”

Question 29

Articulatory loop

Answer 29

Role in memory is subvocal rehearsal
Recodes visual information and refreshes auditory information
Frontal lobe (Broca’s area)
“Mind’s voice”

Question 30

Articulatory suppression

Answer 30

As soon as you start speaking, your little voice i gone

Ex: cannot read something difficult and say the word “the” repeatedly

Question 31

What type of attention do we use when rehearsing information in the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 31

Covert attention!

Can use overt attention too though

Question 32

What side of the brain is most active when using the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 32

Right!

Visual cortex